tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61804437581092511102023-12-14T18:30:16.217-08:00RENDRA FRRendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.comBlogger132125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-46711614736265257452023-12-09T00:58:00.000-08:002023-12-09T00:59:08.080-08:00Pendidikan Inklusif dan Diversitas<p> </p><h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgSTXHZWKLIFOMJCSOeq3D5RGtoaQCi3Uy7Q17a3mKbzUCyEyJxwGI6S4kFQbr2Qq6F0ERhB3VCZhIslMAjfc2XXAGi0TZRNOqWZliG-gg-QtlSjReuqY5JN_Ny-TErmTiP5GQEG_wpwO1jyaj82yBhlLwWmJNp_Ou_z9kKsiVJ1PAJMUdZ20lykoqS4HE" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="648" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgSTXHZWKLIFOMJCSOeq3D5RGtoaQCi3Uy7Q17a3mKbzUCyEyJxwGI6S4kFQbr2Qq6F0ERhB3VCZhIslMAjfc2XXAGi0TZRNOqWZliG-gg-QtlSjReuqY5JN_Ny-TErmTiP5GQEG_wpwO1jyaj82yBhlLwWmJNp_Ou_z9kKsiVJ1PAJMUdZ20lykoqS4HE" width="320" /></a></div><br /></h1>
<h2 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendahuluan <o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan
inklusif merupakan pendekatan yang berdampak besar dalam psikologi pendidikan,
khususnya terkait dengan penerimaan dan perkembangan individu berkebutuhan
khusus. Teori perkembangan Erikson memberikan dasar pemahaman tentang
pentingnya lingkungan inklusif dalam <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">membentuk identitas positif pada anak-anak.</span> Pendidikan inklusif
tidak hanya <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">menciptakan
akses yang setara,</span> tetapi juga memberikan landasan psikologis untuk <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">perkembangan sosial, emosional,
dan akademik yang sehat.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Erikson
(1950), individu melewati serangkaian tahapan perkembangan, dan masa sekolah
adalah saat yang kritis untuk membentuk identitas diri. Lingkungan inklusif,
yang menerima keberagaman siswa, memainkan peran penting dalam membentuk
identitas positif anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus. Dalam konteks pendidikan
inklusif, anak-anak merasa diterima dan diakui, membentuk dasar psikososial
yang kokoh untuk perkembangan identitas diri yang positif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ruijs et al.
(2010) menyoroti pentingnya kondisi kelas yang mendukung perkembangan sosial
dan akademik siswa. Mereka menekankan bahwa atmosfer kelas yang inklusif menciptakan
lingkungan yang mendukung interaksi sosial positif dan memfasilitasi
pembelajaran yang beragam. Pendekatan ini bukan hanya tentang menyatukan siswa
secara fisik, tetapi juga menciptakan budaya kelas yang mendorong kolaborasi
dan saling mendukung, menciptakan dasar yang kuat untuk perkembangan sosial dan
akademik.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam teori
belajar sosial Bandura, <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">keberagaman
teman sebaya</span> di lingkungan inklusif dapat berfungsi sebagai model
positif. Anak-anak belajar dari interaksi dengan teman sebaya mereka dan
mengembangkan keterampilan sosial melalui observasi dan partisipasi dalam
aktivitas bersama. Dalam pendidikan inklusif, keberagaman teman sebaya
menciptakan kesempatan bagi anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus untuk terlibat dalam <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">interaksi sosial</span> yang
positif, mengintegrasikan teori belajar sosial ke dalam konteks pembelajaran
sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mastropieri
& Scruggs (2010) memberikan pandangan komprehensif dan praktis mengenai
pendidikan inklusif. Mereka menekankan perlunya pendekatan individualis dalam
mendukung keberagaman siswa. Strategi diferensiasi pembelajaran, penggunaan
teknologi, dan kolaborasi antarstakeholder menjadi kunci dalam menerapkan
pendidikan inklusif secara efektif. Pandangan ini memberikan landasan bagi
pendekatan yang bersifat holistik, tidak hanya fokus pada aspek akademik,
tetapi juga memperhatikan kebutuhan sosial dan emosional siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan
inklusif juga sejalan dengan <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">prinsip-prinsip
pertumbuhan holistik anak</span> berkebutuhan khusus. Dengan menyediakan
dukungan sosial yang memadai dan menerapkan pendekatan pembelajaran yang
beragam, pendidikan inklusif menciptakan lingkungan yang merangsang pertumbuhan
integral siswa. Melalui pendekatan ini, anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus dapat
mengalami perkembangan yang seimbang dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan mereka.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan merangkul
keberagaman, menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung, dan mengintegrasikan
teori-teori psikologi pendidikan, pendidikan inklusif tidak hanya mengubah cara
kita mendidik, tetapi juga membentuk masa depan yang lebih inklusif dan
berkelanjutan bagi setiap individu.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Definisi
Pendidikan Inklusif <o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan
Inklusif memiliki implikasi psikologis yang mendalam dalam konteks pendidikan
dan pembelajaran. Pendidikan Inklusif mengacu pada upaya menyediakan lingkungan
belajar yang mengakui keunikan setiap individu, tanpa memandang perbedaan. Dari
perspektif psikologi pendidikan, teori Vygotsky menekankan bahwa interaksi
dengan lingkungan inklusif dapat memfasilitasi pengembangan kognitif siswa
dengan memberikan dukungan sesuai tingkat perkembangan mereka (Vygotsky, 1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seiring dengan
konsep ini, Bennett dan Deluca (2017) menyatakan bahwa Pendidikan Inklusif
berfokus pada menciptakan lingkungan di mana semua siswa dapat <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">merasa diterima dan didukung</span>
dalam membangun keterampilan sosial, akademik, dan emosional. Dengan demikian, Pendidikan
Inklusif bukan hanya tentang menyatukan siswa, tetapi juga menghargai
keberagaman sebagai sumber kekayaan dalam proses belajar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thomas dan
Loxley (2007) dalam bukunya "Inclusive Education: A Practical Guide to
Supporting Diversity in the Classroom" menyoroti pentingnya pendekatan
yang memperhitungkan kebutuhan individu siswa, menciptakan iklim belajar yang
mempromosikan <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">perkembangan
psikososial dan akademik.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan memahami
Pendidikan Inklusif dari perspektif psikologi, pendekatan ini bukan hanya
tentang penyediaan akses fisik, tetapi juga menciptakan konteks belajar yang
memupuk pertumbuhan holistik dan kesejahteraan psikologis bagi semua siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai-Nilai
Inklusi dalam Pendidikan <o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai-Nilai Inklusi
dalam Pendidikan mencerminkan prinsip-prinsip yang mendasari pendekatan
inklusif dalam menyelenggarakan proses pembelajaran. Salah satu nilai utama
adalah <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">keadilan,</span> di
mana semua individu, termasuk mereka yang memiliki kebutuhan khusus, memiliki
hak yang sama untuk mendapatkan pendidikan yang bermutu (Salend & Duhaney,
1999). Nilai keterbukaan dan penerimaan juga menjadi fokus utama, menciptakan
lingkungan yang merangkul keberagaman dan menghormati perbedaan antarindividu
(Avramidis, Bayliss, & Burden, 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Referensi
Salend dan Duhaney (1999) menyatakan bahwa nilai-nilai inklusi juga mencakup
kolaborasi antar profesional, di mana guru dan staf pendidikan bekerja sama
untuk menciptakan lingkungan pembelajaran yang mendukung semua siswa.
Kolaborasi ini memungkinkan adopsi strategi pengajaran yang memenuhi kebutuhan
beragam siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain itu,
nilai <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">kemandirian</span>
juga menjadi fokus, memberikan siswa dengan kebutuhan khusus kesempatan untuk
mengembangkan keterampilan yang diperlukan untuk berhasil dalam lingkungan
pendidikan yang inklusif (McLeskey & Waldron, 2000). Dengan memperkuat
nilai-nilai ini, pendidikan inklusif tidak hanya menjadi model pembelajaran yang
adil tetapi juga menciptakan landasan untuk pertumbuhan pribadi dan akademik
yang sehat bagi semua siswa. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai-Nilai
Inklusi dalam Pendidikan juga mencakup aspek <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">pemberdayaan,</span> di mana setiap individu diakui
memiliki potensi yang dapat dikembangkan. Pendekatan ini mencerminkan pandangan
bahwa keberagaman bukanlah hambatan, tetapi sumber kekayaan dalam mencapai
tujuan pendidikan (Booth, Ainscow, & Kingston, 2006). Nilai ini mendorong
adanya dukungan dan pengakuan terhadap keunikan setiap siswa dalam mencapai kemajuan
belajar mereka. Booth, Ainscow, dan Kingston (2006) menekankan pentingnya
memahami dan menghargai perbedaan untuk menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang inklusif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain itu,
nilai <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">tanggung jawab</span>
bersama juga menjadi bagian integral dari Pendidikan Inklusif. Ini melibatkan
semua anggota komunitas pendidikan, termasuk siswa, guru, dan staf pendidikan,
untuk bekerja sama dalam menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung pertumbuhan dan
pengembangan setiap individu (Ainscow, 2005). Pendidikan Inklusif bukan hanya
tanggung jawab guru khusus atau tim dukungan, tetapi merupakan usaha bersama
untuk menciptakan masyarakat pembelajaran yang inklusif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
membangun fondasi pada nilai-nilai ini, Pendidikan Inklusif bukan hanya menjadi
sebuah model, tetapi sebuah budaya yang mengakui dan memperkuat hak setiap
individu untuk belajar, berkembang, dan berpartisipasi sepenuhnya dalam proses
pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">II.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tantangan dalam Pendidikan Inklusif <span class="Heading3Char"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diversitas (keberagaman) dalam kelas dan tantangan
yang dihadapi</span></i></b></span><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diversitas
dalam kelas mencakup perbedaan beragam seperti latar belakang budaya,
kemampuan, gaya belajar, dan kebutuhan khusus siswa. Tantangan utama adalah
merancang pengalaman pembelajaran yang memadai untuk memenuhi kebutuhan beragam
tersebut. Menurut Moore (2013), pendidik perlu mengakui dan menghargai diversitas
siswa agar dapat menciptakan lingkungan inklusif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Salah satu
tantangan utama adalah <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">mengatasi
ketidaksetaraan dalam pembelajaran</span>. Menurut Nieto dan Bode (2018),
perbedaan latar belakang budaya dan ekonomi siswa dapat memengaruhi partisipasi
dan pencapaian mereka di kelas. Mengelola kelas dengan perbedaan kemampuan dan
gaya belajar juga bisa menjadi kompleks, memerlukan strategi pengajaran yang
beragam (Tomlinson, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain itu, <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">integrasi siswa dengan kebutuhan
khusus dalam kelas biasa</span> dapat menimbulkan tantangan tersendiri.
McLeskey, Landever, Scott, dan Billingsley (2018) menyoroti perlunya persiapan
guru untuk mendukung keberagaman ini melalui pemberian dukungan dan modifikasi
pembelajaran. Maka untuk mengatasi tantangan ini memerlukan pendekatan yang
responsif dan inklusif untuk mengoptimalkan pembelajaran bagi semua siswa di
lingkungan pendidikan yang beragam.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tantangan
berikutnya adalah <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">mengimplementasikan
strategi pembelajaran yang relevan dan inklusif.</span> Menurut Gay (2018),
model pengajaran yang menekankan inklusi dan penghormatan terhadap perbedaan
dapat menciptakan lingkungan pembelajaran yang lebih responsive. Peran guru
juga menjadi kunci dalam mengelola dinamika kelas yang beragam. Menurut Marzano
dan Marzano (2017), membangun hubungan positif dan inklusif dengan siswa dapat
meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikososial mereka dan mendukung keberhasilan
akademik.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tantangan
lainnya adalah <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">mengatasi
stereotip dan prasangka yang mungkin muncul di antara siswa.</span> Steele
(2011) menggarisbawahi pentingnya menciptakan lingkungan yang bebas dari
stereotip untuk mendukung partisipasi dan pencapaian semua siswa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara
keseluruhan, pendidikan yang sukses dalam menghadapi diversitas dalam kelas
membutuhkan komitmen untuk terus mengembangkan keterampilan, pengetahuan, dan
sikap yang mendukung inklusi serta pemberdayaan semua siswa untuk mencapai
potensi penuh mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masalah aksesibilitas dan keadilan dalam
pendidikan</span></i></b></span><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masalah
aksesibilitas dan keadilan dalam pendidikan seringkali menciptakan <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">kesenjangan antara kelompok
sosial dan ekonomi</span>. Menurut Savage (2016), aksesibilitas pendidikan
tidak hanya terkait dengan akses fisik ke sekolah, tetapi juga mencakup
faktor-faktor seperti kebijakan seleksi, biaya pendidikan, dan ketidaksetaraan
sumber daya.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Situasi ini
dapat menciptakan <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">ketidaksetaraan
dalam peluang pendidikan</span>, yang bisa memperkuat siklus kemiskinan dan
ketidaksetaraan. Menurut Sen (1999), keadilan dalam pendidikan melibatkan distribusi
sumber daya secara adil dan memperhitungkan kebutuhan khusus setiap individu.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masalah
aksesibilitas dan keadilan juga melibatkan <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">ketidaksetaraan dalam kualitas pendidikan yang diterima</span>
oleh berbagai kelompok. Menurut Reimers dan Chung (2016), faktor seperti
kebijakan kurikulum, kualifikasi guru, dan fasilitas fisik dapat berdampak pada
kesenjangan kualitas pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maka, dibutuhkan
di tingkat kebijakan dan praktik agar pendidikan lebih dapat diakses dan adil. Upaya
untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengatasi hambatan-hambatan yang mungkin menghambat
aksesibilitas dan keadilan pendidikan. Dengan memahami dan menanggapi
masalah-masalah ini, pendidikan dapat menjadi sarana untuk mengurangi
ketidaksetaraan dan memberikan peluang yang setara bagi semua individu. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari perspektif
psikologi, masalah aksesibilitas dan keadilan dalam pendidikan dapat menciptakan
dampak psikososial yang signifikan. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Individu yang menghadapi kesulitan
aksesibilitas mungkin mengalami stres, rasa putus asa, atau merasa tidak
dihargai dalam upaya pendidikannya. </span>Psikologi pendidikan menekankan pentingnya
lingkungan yang mendukung dan memberikan dukungan psikososial untuk mengatasi
hambatan tersebut (Wentzel, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Solusi untuk
masalah aksesibilitas dan keadilan</span> dalam pendidikan dapat melibatkan berbagai
aspek:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diperlukan
upaya untuk menciptakan lingkungan pendidikan yang inklusif dan ramah bagi
semua, tanpa memandang latar belakang ekonomi, etnis, atau kemampuan. Guru dan
staf pendidikan perlu dilatih untuk memahami dan mengakomodasi keberagaman
siswa (Banks, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari
segi kebijakan, perlunya penyesuaian kurikulum dan metode evaluasi untuk
memastikan bahwa pendidikan memenuhi kebutuhan beragam siswa. Menyediakan akses
yang setara terhadap sumber daya pendidikan, seperti buku teks, teknologi, dan
fasilitas fisik yang memadai, juga merupakan langkah kunci untuk mengatasi
kesenjangan aksesibilitas (UNESCO, 2016).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara
psikologis, perlu dilakukan upaya untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan kesadaran
akan dampak psikososial dari ketidaksetaraan pendidikan. Membangun dukungan
psikososial, baik dari teman sebaya maupun guru, dapat membantu siswa mengatasi
tekanan dan kesulitan yang mungkin muncul karena masalah aksesibilitas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melalui
kombinasi tindakan praktis dan perubahan kebijakan, pendidikan dapat menjadi
sarana yang lebih inklusif, memastikan bahwa setiap individu memiliki akses
yang setara dan adil untuk mengembangkan potensi penuh mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">III.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip-Prinsip Pendidikan Inklusif <o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
kesetaraan dan penerimaan </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
kesetaraan dalam Pendidikan Inklusif menekankan pentingnya memberikan hak yang
sama kepada setiap individu, tanpa memandang perbedaan latar belakang,
kemampuan, atau kebutuhan khusus. Kesetaraan ini mencakup akses yang setara
terhadap pendidikan berkualitas, peluang pembelajaran, dan fasilitas
pendidikan. Menurut Booth dan Ainscow (2011), <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">kesetaraan adalah prinsip dasar
dalam menciptakan lingkungan pendidikan yang inklusif, di mana setiap siswa
memiliki hak untuk diterima dan dihormati.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
kesetaraan menciptakan dasar untuk perkembangan pribadi dan akademik yang
positif. dalam teori perkembangan Erikson, bahwa individu perlu merasa diterima
dan diakui oleh lingkungan mereka untuk mencapai identitas yang sehat (Erikson,
1950). Kesetaraan dalam pendidikan menciptakan kondisi psikososial yang
mendukung perkembangan positif siswa dengan memastikan bahwa setiap individu
merasa memiliki nilai dan relevansi dalam konteks pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
penerimaan menekankan sikap terbuka, pengakuan, dan penghargaan terhadap
keberagaman siswa. Menurut Friend dan Bursuck (2018), <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">penerimaan adalah
landasan bagi terciptanya iklim kelas yang inklusif, di mana perbedaan dianggap
sebagai kekayaan dan bukan sebagai hambatan. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
penerimaan menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang mendukung perkembangan sosial
dan emosional siswa. Teori belajar sosial Bandura menekankan pentingnya peran
model positif dalam pembentukan perilaku dan identitas (Bandura, 1986).
Penerimaan dalam konteks Pendidikan Inklusif menciptakan model sosial yang
positif, memotivasi siswa untuk mengadopsi sikap inklusif dan membangun
hubungan yang positif antar individu.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melalui prinsip
kesetaraan dan penerimaan, bukan hanya menciptakan akses yang setara, tetapi
juga membentuk fondasi psikologis yang mendukung perkembangan integral siswa.
Dengan mengakui hak setiap individu untuk diterima dan dihargai, pendidikan
inklusif menjadi alat yang efektif untuk mempromosikan kesejahteraan
psikososial dan akademik yang sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
partisipasi dan pelibatan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip partisipasi
dalam Pendidikan Inklusif menekankan pentingnya melibatkan semua siswa dalam
proses pembelajaran dan kehidupan sekolah. Partisipasi mencakup hak setiap
individu untuk terlibat aktif dalam aktivitas pembelajaran, kegiatan sekolah,
dan interaksi sosial. Menurut Turnbull dan Turnbull (2010), partisipasi adalah
inti dari pendidikan inklusif, memastikan bahwa setiap siswa merasa terlibat
dan memiliki kontribusi yang bernilai.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
partisipasi mendukung konsep belajar aktif. Teori konstruktivisme Vygotsky yang
menekankan pentingnya interaksi sosial dan partisipasi aktif siswa dalam
pembelajaran (Vygotsky, 1978). Partisipasi menciptakan pengalaman belajar yang
lebih bermakna, memungkinkan siswa untuk membangun pengetahuan dan keterampilan
mereka melalui interaksi dengan lingkungan pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun prinsip
pelibatan dalam Pendidikan Inklusif menekankan keterlibatan aktif semua
stakeholder, termasuk siswa, guru, orang tua, dan masyarakat, dalam mendukung
pembelajaran siswa. Menurut Ainscow (2005), pelibatan adalah kunci untuk
menciptakan lingkungan belajar inklusif, di mana kolaborasi dan dukungan bersama
menjadi landasan <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari sudut
pandang psikologi pendidikan, prinsip pelibatan menciptakan kesempatan untuk
membangun koneksi sosial dan emosional. Teori ketergantungan sosial dari
Bandura menekankan bahwa individu belajar dari pengalaman dan interaksi sosial
mereka (Bandura, 1989). Pelibatan akan menciptakan jaringan dukungan yang
melibatkan semua pihak, yang memberikan siswa dukungan emosional dan sosial
yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi tantangan pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melalui prinsip
partisipasi dan pelibatan, Pendidikan Inklusif bukan hanya tentang menyatukan
siswa, tetapi juga menciptakan lingkungan yang memungkinkan mereka untuk
terlibat aktif dalam pembelajaran, berpartisipasi dalam kehidupan sekolah, dan
membentuk hubungan positif dengan orang lain. Ini tidak hanya menciptakan
pengalaman pembelajaran yang inklusif, tetapi juga memperkaya perkembangan
sosial dan emosional siswa secara keseluruhan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
mendukung keberagaman<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
mendukung keberagaman dalam Pendidikan Inklusif menekankan perlunya menciptakan
lingkungan pendidikan yang merangkul dan memahami keberagaman siswa dalam
segala aspek, termasuk latar belakang budaya, kemampuan, dan kebutuhan khusus.
Menurut Salend dan Duhaney (1999), mendukung keberagaman menciptakan landasan
yang kuat untuk pendidikan inklusif, memastikan bahwa setiap siswa dihargai dan
diberikan peluang untuk berkembang sesuai potensinya.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip mendukung
keberagaman sesuai dengan konsep pembelajaran sosial. Teori konstruktivisme
sosial Vygotsky menekankan pentingnya interaksi sosial dalam pembentukan
pengetahuan dan keterampilan individu (Vygotsky, 1978). Dengan mendukung
keberagaman, pendidikan inklusif menciptakan peluang bagi siswa untuk belajar
satu sama lain dan membangun pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang dunia mereka
yang beragam.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip
mendukung keberagaman juga mencakup pengakuan terhadap keunikan setiap
individu. Menurut Tomlinson (2014), memberikan dukungan dan diferensiasi sesuai
kebutuhan individual memungkinkan setiap siswa untuk tumbuh dan berkembang
secara optimal. Sebab, pengakuan terhadap keunikan setiap siswa menciptakan
fondasi yang kokoh untuk pengembangan identitas dan harga diri yang positif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melalui prinsip
mendukung keberagaman, akan memperkaya pengalaman pembelajaran siswa dengan
memahami, menghargai, dan merayakan keberagaman mereka. Ini menciptakan dasar
yang solid untuk perkembangan sosial, emosional, dan akademik yang seimbang
bagi setiap siswa, memastikan bahwa pendidikan benar-benar inklusif dan
memberdayakan setiap individu. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IV.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Strategi Pendidikan Inklusif <o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peran
guru dalam mencegah dan mengatasi masalah perilaku <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Guru memiliki
peran sentral dalam menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung semua siswa, termasuk
mereka dengan kebutuhan khusus, dan dalam menangani tantangan perilaku yang
mungkin muncul. Menurut Ainscow, Booth, dan Dyson (2006), peran guru tidak
hanya sebatas mengajar materi, tetapi juga mencakup menciptakan kondisi yang
memungkinkan partisipasi dan perkembangan positif bagi semua siswa. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peran guru
dalam mencegah dan mengatasi masalah perilaku melibatkan pemahaman mendalam
tentang faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku siswa. Teori perilaku dari
Skinner menyoroti pentingnya penguatan positif dan konsekuensi yang konsisten
dalam membentuk perilaku yang diinginkan (Skinner, 1953). Guru dituntut untuk
memahami keberagaman cara belajar dan respon terhadap pembelajaran, sehingga
mereka dapat merancang strategi pendekatan yang sesuai.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
pembentukan lingkungan yang mendukung perilaku positif, Brophy dan Good (1986)
bahwa lingkungan kelas yang positif dan mendukung dapat meningkatkan motivasi
siswa dan mengurangi insiden perilaku yang tidak diinginkan. Serta, guru dapat
membantu siswa merasa terhubung dengan lingkungan belajar mereka, mengurangi
kemungkinan munculnya masalah perilaku.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penekanan
pentingnya pendekatan preventif, guru dapat menggunakan strategi pendekatan
kelas yang responsif, seperti diferensiasi/perbedaan pembelajaran, untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan beragam siswa dan mencegah terjadinya masalah perilaku
(Tomlinson, 2014). Dengan menyesuaikan pendekatan pembelajaran, guru dapat
menciptakan tantangan yang sesuai dengan tingkat kemampuan siswa, mengurangi
frustrasi, dan mendorong partisipasi positif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun strategi
guru yang berfokus pada pencegahan dan penanganan masalah perilaku, dapat
menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang mendukung perkembangan positif siswa dengan
keberagaman kebutuhan. Maka selanjutnya, guru dapat merespons secara efektif
terhadap perilaku siswa, membimbing mereka menuju perkembangan sosial,
emosional, dan akademik yang seimbang dalam konteks pendidikan inklusif. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kolaborasi
antara guru, spesialis, dan orang tua<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></h3>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kolaborasi
antara guru, spesialis, dan orang tua adalah salah satu strategi kunci dalam
Pendidikan Inklusif yang bertujuan untuk memberikan dukungan yang holistik bagi
perkembangan siswa dengan kebutuhan khusus. Menurut Friend dan Cook (2013),
kolaborasi menciptakan tim kerja antara semua pihak terlibat dalam pendidikan
siswa, termasuk guru, spesialis, dan orang tua, untuk mencapai tujuan bersama.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari perspektif
psikologi pendidikan, kolaborasi ini menciptakan lingkungan di mana siswa dapat
mengalami konsistensi dan dukungan yang melibatkan semua aspek kehidupan
mereka. Menurut Epstein (2001), partisipasi orang tua dalam pendidikan anak
dapat berdampak positif pada perkembangan akademik dan sosial siswa. Kolaborasi
ini menciptakan jaringan dukungan sosial dan emosional yang melibatkan berbagai
pihak, memberikan dampak positif pada kesejahteraan psikososial siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pentingnya
kolaborasi terletak pada pertukaran pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang dapat
meningkatkan pemahaman dan pendekatan terhadap kebutuhan siswa. Menurut Ainscow
(2005), kolaborasi antara guru dan spesialis dapat meningkatkan kemampuan untuk
mengidentifikasi dan merespons berbagai kebutuhan siswa secara efektif. Dalam
konteks psikologi pendidikan, pertukaran informasi ini memberikan dasar bagi
perencanaan dan implementasi strategi pembelajaran yang lebih efektif dan
inklusif. Menurut Sanders (2008), keterlibatan orang tua dapat meningkatkan
motivasi dan pencapaian siswa serta membangun ikatan yang kuat antara rumah dan
sekolah. Keterlibatan orang tua sebagai faktor yang signifikan dalam membentuk
identitas dan harga diri anak.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
mengintegrasikan kolaborasi antara guru, spesialis, dan orang tua, Pendidikan
Inklusif dapat menciptakan ekosistem pendidikan yang menyeluruh dan responsif.
Kolaborasi ini menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang lebih terpadu dan mendukung
perkembangan siswa dengan keberagaman kebutuhan. Dengan demikian, strategi ini
bukan hanya tentang meningkatkan pencapaian akademik, tetapi juga memastikan
pertumbuhan holistik siswa melalui kerja sama yang efektif antara semua
pemangku kepentingan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penerapan
teknologi dalam pendidikan inklusif<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penerapan teknologi dalam pendidikan inklusif merupakan strategi
yang penting untuk mendukung keberhasilan siswa dengan kebutuhan khusus.
Teknologi dapat memberikan akses lebih luas terhadap sumber daya pendidikan,
menciptakan lingkungan pembelajaran yang responsif, dan memfasilitasi
diferensiasi pembelajaran. Menurut Rose dan Meyer (2002), teknologi dapat
menjadi alat yang kuat untuk menyediakan akses ke kurikulum bagi semua siswa,
termasuk mereka dengan gaya belajar yang beragam.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari perspektif psikologi pendidikan, penerapan teknologi
menciptakan peluang untuk meningkatkan motivasi dan keterlibatan siswa. Teori
motivasi dari Deci dan Ryan (2000) menyoroti pentingnya memberikan pilihan dan
otonomi kepada siswa dalam pembelajaran, dan teknologi dapat memfasilitasi hal
ini yang dapat disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan individu, memberikan kontrol lebih
besar kepada siswa dalam cara mereka belajar, sehingga meningkatkan
keterlibatan dan minat dalam pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penerapan teknologi juga mendukung prinsip inklusivitas,
memungkinkan adaptasi kurikulum dan pengajaran sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa.
Menurut Burgstahler dan Cory (2008), teknologi dapat memfasilitasi diferensiasi
pembelajaran, menyediakan aksesibilitas yang lebih baik, dan memungkinkan
adaptasi konten pembelajaran. Dalam konteks psikologi pendidikan, penggunaan
teknologi ini menciptakan pengalaman pembelajaran yang lebih responsif dan
mempromosikan perkembangan pribadi yang positif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keunggulan teknologi mampu memfasilitasi komunikasi dan kolaborasi
antara siswa, guru, dan orang tua. Menurut Smetana dan Dabrowski (2012),
teknologi dapat meningkatkan aksesibilitas komunikasi, menciptakan peluang
untuk berbagi informasi dan pengalaman antarstakeholder. Kolaborasi yang
ditingkatkan melalui teknologi dapat memperkuat hubungan sosial dan mendukung
perkembangan interpersonal siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melalui
penerapan teknologi dalam pendidikan inklusif, pendekatan pembelajaran dapat
menjadi lebih responsif, fleksibel, dan dapat disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan
beragam siswa. Hal ini tidak hanya menciptakan kesempatan yang lebih besar
untuk sukses akademik, tetapi juga memperkuat dimensi psikososial siswa,
meningkatkan motivasi, keterlibatan, dan interaksi sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berikut adalah beberapa contoh dari penerapan teknologi dalam
mendukung pendidikan inklusif:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penggunaan Aplikasi Edukasi Interaktif:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penggunaan aplikasi edukasi interaktif dapat disesuaikan dengan
berbagai tingkat kemampuan dan gaya belajar siswa. Aplikasi ini dapat
menyediakan latihan yang berbeda tingkat kesulitan, memberikan umpan balik
instan, dan memotivasi siswa dengan elemen permainan atau tantangan.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Teknologi Pembelajaran Berbasis Web:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Platform pembelajaran online atau berbasis web memungkinkan akses
fleksibel terhadap materi pembelajaran, mendukung siswa dengan kebutuhan
aksesibilitas atau yang memerlukan pemrosesan informasi yang lebih lambat.
Fitur-fitur seperti teks ke suara, terjemahan otomatis, atau pilihan font dan
warna dapat disesuaikan.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penggunaan Alat Bantu Komunikasi dan Teknologi Berbasis AAC
(Augmentative and Alternative Communication):<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk siswa dengan gangguan komunikasi atau kesulitan berbicara,
teknologi AAC menyediakan alat bantu berupa gambar, teks, atau simbol yang
dapat digunakan untuk berkomunikasi. Aplikasi ini dapat diakses melalui
perangkat mobile atau tablet.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan Teknologi Realitas Virtual (VR) dan Realitas Augmentasi
(AR):<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Teknologi VR dan AR dapat menciptakan pengalaman pembelajaran yang
immersif dan interaktif. Ini dapat membantu siswa memahami konsep abstrak atau
mengalami situasi yang sulit di dunia nyata.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Platform Kolaborasi Online:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penggunaan platform kolaborasi online memfasilitasi komunikasi
antara siswa, guru, dan orang tua. Ini memungkinkan pertukaran informasi,
pemantauan progres, dan koordinasi yang lebih baik dalam mendukung keberagaman
siswa.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penerapan
teknologi ini dapat meningkatkan aksesibilitas, partisipasi, dan keterlibatan
siswa dalam pembelajaran, mendukung prinsip-prinsip pendidikan inklusif secara
efektif. Selain itu, teknologi juga dapat memberikan solusi diferensiasi untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan beragam siswa di lingkungan pendidikan inklusif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">V. Referensi <o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ainscow, M. (2005). Developing Inclusive Education Systems: The
Role of Organisational Cultures and Leadership. International Journal of
Inclusive Education, 9 (4), 313-331.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ainscow, M., Booth, T., & Dyson, A. (2006). Understanding and
Developing Inclusive Practices in Schools: A Collaborative Action Research
Network. *International Journal of Inclusive Education, 10*(3), 221-235.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A
Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bandura, A. (1989). Social Cognitive Theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals
of Child Development, 6, 1-60.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Booth, T., & Ainscow, M. (2011). Index for Inclusion:
Developing Learning and Participation in Schools. Centre for Studies on
Inclusive Education.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Brophy, J., & Good, T. L. (1986). Teacher Behavior and Student
Achievement. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching (3rd
ed., pp. 328-375). Macmillan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Burgstahler, S., & Cory, R. C. (2008). Universal Design in
Higher Education: From Principles to Practice. Harvard Education Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Chen, L., & Kim, S. (2019). Web-Based Inclusive Learning
Platforms: A Review of Accessibility Features and User Experiences. International
Journal of Inclusive Education, 25 (4), 387-405.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Self-determination theory
and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and
well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68-78.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Epstein, J. L. (2001). School, Family, and Community Partnerships:
Preparing Educators and Improving Schools. Westview Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and
Society. Norton & Company.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Friend, M., & Bursuck, W. D. (2018). Including Students with
Special Needs: A Practical Guide for Classroom Teachers. Pearson.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Friend, M., & Cook, L. (2013). Interactions: Collaboration
Skills for School Professionals. Pearson.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Garcia, R., & Nguyen, H. (2017). Online Collaboration
Platforms: Facilitating Inclusive Education Through Improved Communication. International
Journal of Inclusive Education and E-Learning, 5 (1), 78-93.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rose, D. H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching Every Student in the
Digital Age: Universal Design for Learning. ASCD.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sanders, M. G. (2008). The Effects of Parental Involvement on
Student Success. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Savage, T. V. (2016). The Concept of Access to Education: A Human
Rights Perspective. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 9 (4),
242-253.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sen, A. (1999). Development as
Freedom. Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Smetana, L., & Dabrowski, M. (2012). Using Technology to
Support At-risk Students' Learning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 27
(2), 13-21.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Smith, J., & Jones, M. (2020). Enhancing Inclusive Learning
Through Interactive Educational Apps. Journal of Inclusive Education and
Technology, 7(2), 45-62.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tomlinson, C. A. (2014). The Differentiated Classroom: Responding
to the Needs of All Learners. ASCD.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Turnbull, A., & Turnbull, R. (2010). Exceptional Lives: Special
Education in Today's Schools. Pearson.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">UNESCO. (2016). Global Education Monitoring Report 2016: Education
for people and planet: Creating sustainable futures for all. UNESCO Publishing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher
Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wentzel, K. R. (2010). Students' Relationships with Teachers as
Motivators of Academic Performance. Educational Psychologist, 45 (3), 168-185.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Williams, R., & Davis, S. (2018). Enhancing Communication for
Students with Autism: The Role of Augmentative and Alternative Communication
(AAC) Technologies. Journal of Special Education Technology, 33(1), 15-28.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-89940467191238858332023-11-25T01:01:00.000-08:002023-11-25T01:01:33.499-08:00Masalah Perilaku dalam Konteks Pendidikan<p> </p>
<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lqNcd_LcJq9DHwaccwlrX1wpEbXrU0mu/preview" width="640" height="700" allow="autoplay"></iframe>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-87898272550574791042023-11-17T22:57:00.000-08:002023-11-17T22:57:26.520-08:00Dukungan Sosial dalam Pendidikan<p><br /> <iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_MC9-dtdBGxIgDp4LLFy9UwwkOepclgK/preview" width="640" height="700" allow="autoplay"></iframe> </p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-8942894576885686442023-10-31T04:43:00.005-07:002023-10-31T04:57:29.149-07:00Menjadi Maestro Artikel Jurnal: Suksesnya Pelatihan Menulis Artikel Jurnal di PPPM STIT Sirojul Falah<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjekZv1HuPRR0q-bPCNZD9x4ubxTSN3wzmwgfXS4CVuHHuMKYUDNeaA7KIWadKXh_y58MQHKA3ig1Hyp9XCI40tmeG1IFvQEyipmnj2xj55ughSiTc3nprJLr9AC6Z_nfwPM8k7GZ5CDshWN_DN7iGImUsFeBER-xAE8UpyY_nGe2DWIV8oFM6mqAlSQvQ/s1080/MENULIS%20ARTIKEL%20JURNAL%20-%2029%20OKT%202023.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjekZv1HuPRR0q-bPCNZD9x4ubxTSN3wzmwgfXS4CVuHHuMKYUDNeaA7KIWadKXh_y58MQHKA3ig1Hyp9XCI40tmeG1IFvQEyipmnj2xj55ughSiTc3nprJLr9AC6Z_nfwPM8k7GZ5CDshWN_DN7iGImUsFeBER-xAE8UpyY_nGe2DWIV8oFM6mqAlSQvQ/w400-h400/MENULIS%20ARTIKEL%20JURNAL%20-%2029%20OKT%202023.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">PPPM STIT Sirojul Falah telah mengadakan acara pelatihan menulis artikel jurnal yang tak hanya inovatif, tetapi juga bermanfaat bagi mahasiswa, dosen, dan peneliti. Acara yang berlangsung secara daring melalui Google Meet pada Senin, 30 Oktober 2023, pukul 20.00 sampai 22.00 ini telah berhasil menyatukan 70 peserta dari berbagai latar belakang. Dalam acara ini, mereka telah dibekali dengan wawasan berharga tentang teknik penulisan artikel jurnal yang berkualitas dan persiapan yang dibutuhkan dalam perjalanan akademik mereka.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pentingnya kemampuan menulis artikel jurnal yang berkualitas tak bisa diabaikan. Artikel jurnal bukan hanya langkah penting dalam menyelesaikan skripsi, tesis, atau disertasi, tetapi juga kunci bagi para dosen yang ingin naik pangkat dan memperbaiki reputasi akademik mereka.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Acara ini diberikan materi oleh <b>Dr. Misno, S.H.I., S.E., M.E.I., M.H.,</b> seorang ahli berpengalaman dalam menulis artikel jurnal dan penelitian. Sementara itu, moderator yang menjalankan acara adalah <b>Rendra Fahrurrozie, S.Pd., M.E.,</b> seorang dosen dan peneliti di STIT Sirojul Falah.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pelatihan ini diselenggarakan secara gratis dan terbuka untuk semua kalangan, menjadi bukti komitmen STIT Sirojul Falah dalam berbagi pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang teknik penulisan artikel jurnal yang efektif.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Materi yang diajarkan dalam pelatihan ini mencakup:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Konsep dan jenis artikel jurnal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Struktur dan prinsip dasar penulisan artikel jurnal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Tips dalam memilih topik yang relevan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Panduan lengkap untuk melakukan penelitian yang efektif.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Cara menulis artikel jurnal yang menarik dan berkualitas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhePViHkU_NtkWH0RE_DUzR6Y_d_AAkEkrwesDKmMR7K-i6yjZ5hBLGPhX0WIo0aQpzZzXgMimXJ3t1RWRXpxvLM6vn-NjqMC5vAqlcKLY3KuziOjpA4mZI-ATG67biaT-QkdU2Kg1MVEtKuxpSf5hwsgAcNe9hZbp4oR9S16r5islkaFM-fClE83Q31Jk/s1366/Foto%20Kegiatan.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhePViHkU_NtkWH0RE_DUzR6Y_d_AAkEkrwesDKmMR7K-i6yjZ5hBLGPhX0WIo0aQpzZzXgMimXJ3t1RWRXpxvLM6vn-NjqMC5vAqlcKLY3KuziOjpA4mZI-ATG67biaT-QkdU2Kg1MVEtKuxpSf5hwsgAcNe9hZbp4oR9S16r5islkaFM-fClE83Q31Jk/w640-h360/Foto%20Kegiatan.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">Bagi Anda yang telah terlewatkan acara kemarin, jangan khawatir. PPPM STIT Sirojul Falah selalu berusaha untuk berbagi pengetahuan dan pemahaman baru kepada komunitasnya. Pastikan Anda tetap mengikuti mereka untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang acara dan pelatihan selanjutnya. Bergabunglah di grup WhatsApp mereka untuk tetap terinformasi: <a href="https://bit.ly/3scyarw.">https://bit.ly/3scyarw.</a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pastikan Anda selalu mengikuti perkembangan acara dan pelatihan selanjutnya dari PPPM STIT Sirojul Falah. Yang memiliki rencana untuk menyelenggarakan pelatihan dan seminar berikutnya yang akan memberikan wawasan lebih mendalam dalam berbagai aspek pendidikan Islam, ekonomi syariah, dan penelitian lainnya. Jadi, jangan lewatkan kesempatan berharga ini untuk meningkatkan keterampilan dan pengetahuan lain dibidang Pendidikan Islam, Eknomi Syariah dan Hukum Keluarga Islam. [Rendra]</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kunjungi juga: </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><b>PUSMES SIFA TV</b><br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNCrgbzt2Qfj2joNHkY-w1g">https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNCrgbzt2Qfj2joNHkY-w1g</a><br /><br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-y9nWqyobTPyRmB6gCtEodtWv8y9x6D2VCnFOS307HEcf8n0nfDtlAWQEKxkGa9nK16p7nOWvPV7zw0BsrGnAkyV5EB_DVPnNw-JkRZw6FtHj35T7_2CdGrA6vrx3R602yp88x0JLR2DkFrH7zPivCmbcFoaSGUcz9iQO-3a3SS6vuPvTV7X72LU2P3E/s1366/Foto%20Kegiatan%202.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-y9nWqyobTPyRmB6gCtEodtWv8y9x6D2VCnFOS307HEcf8n0nfDtlAWQEKxkGa9nK16p7nOWvPV7zw0BsrGnAkyV5EB_DVPnNw-JkRZw6FtHj35T7_2CdGrA6vrx3R602yp88x0JLR2DkFrH7zPivCmbcFoaSGUcz9iQO-3a3SS6vuPvTV7X72LU2P3E/w640-h360/Foto%20Kegiatan%202.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br />Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia-6.5971468999999994 106.8060388-34.907380736178844 71.6497888 21.713086936178847 141.9622888tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-25574468447751385842023-09-23T00:51:00.007-07:002023-09-23T00:55:53.657-07:00PERTEMUAN #2 : Pengantar Psikologi Pendidikan<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEyZbhyXY5Te6OspRpvU4Tzfc4igZZTVMB7zPR4ej4tOpNcr9jqJsqb1dLyuOL6Aw7Mw2v-Uvw4IyJ90JNghZpIRYjXGuZTTaTXo3FVhnpWx00cYlrMPljuPRDl8og8dM-IWT31nr7odZ_4w62E23cdus-l_eFlkDW-GqeNkfRvBiBl_2YUjBGb0NYwW8/s960/FB_IMG_15794600445633745.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEyZbhyXY5Te6OspRpvU4Tzfc4igZZTVMB7zPR4ej4tOpNcr9jqJsqb1dLyuOL6Aw7Mw2v-Uvw4IyJ90JNghZpIRYjXGuZTTaTXo3FVhnpWx00cYlrMPljuPRDl8og8dM-IWT31nr7odZ_4w62E23cdus-l_eFlkDW-GqeNkfRvBiBl_2YUjBGb0NYwW8/w640-h480/FB_IMG_15794600445633745.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></div><h1><b>Pengantar Psikologi Pendidikan</b></h1></div>Rekan-rekan semua, alhamdulillah pertemuan ke #2 ini semakin menarik dan luas. Karna akan dijelaskan mata kuliah ini dari sifatnya luas kemudian mengkhusus nanti saat pembelajaran.<br /><br />Tetap semangat ya, rekan-rekan.<p></p><p>Berikut materi yang disampaikan di kelas:</p><p><a href="https://bit.ly/4569w9c">https://bit.ly/4569w9c</a></p><p>Terus semangat, dan selalu semangat ya rekan-rekan. Insya Allah diberikan banyak kemudahan dan kebaikan selalu. Terus melangkah. 😉</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-59388153550968536992023-09-15T00:05:00.006-07:002023-09-23T00:56:21.817-07:00Pertemuan #1: Awal Perkuliahan Psikologi Pendidikan T.A 2023/2024<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaIJBFPoF2KH148JadoP3GOEq2ss4S-4KJNHe6NORDnd0_VL0PjyhPT9PsFXot9zzTNyUXys8Hj1wP-NNlmCRyGnAEbUMfPXmpFaBhi392kJQYz79JMjisYtIaHdVHtYfN-eVuN68BTkyD8VdTVuajkvQeOq7lLxVtzvM-aemINLoZ9ZCOVxsWD-LPdgA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="1200" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaIJBFPoF2KH148JadoP3GOEq2ss4S-4KJNHe6NORDnd0_VL0PjyhPT9PsFXot9zzTNyUXys8Hj1wP-NNlmCRyGnAEbUMfPXmpFaBhi392kJQYz79JMjisYtIaHdVHtYfN-eVuN68BTkyD8VdTVuajkvQeOq7lLxVtzvM-aemINLoZ9ZCOVxsWD-LPdgA=w640-h357" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">PSIKOLOGI PENDIDIKAN </span></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">Tak kenal maka tak sayang, apa itu Psikologi Pendidikan? Nanti dulu ya, kita kenalan dulu.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/rendrafr/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/rendrafr/ </a>. Silahkan dikunjungi ya.</p><p style="text-align: left;">Bagaimana dengan Rencana Pembelajaran (RPS) satu semester kedepan?<br />Silahkan download di link berikut: <a href="https://bit.ly/RPS-PsiPend">https://bit.ly/RPS-PsiPend</a>.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">Ada yang perlu ditanyakan? Buku? Jurnal? </p><p style="text-align: left;"><b>Materi Pertemuan ke 1: </b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jGPuZN7YOzY40nb_A_Q1WErkovJB2dZX/view?usp=drive_link">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jGPuZN7YOzY40nb_A_Q1WErkovJB2dZX/view?usp=drive_link</a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-58848806175040084182023-08-09T16:09:00.005-07:002023-08-16T21:38:34.273-07:00Konsep Bisnis Tanpa Hutang dari Pemikiran Taqiyuddīn Al-Nabhāni: Thematic Analysis Approach<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Yhj6dBZrE8c-ZhjwuVJ0OrZGWtACMPLnT7k_2a9iKaae6pnBHMiouFHHDExjgU8RZeko2Nh_uLi_5Swlb1AecoDzG7dz-GFNjS8OssLC_Rsy4Fcpf9CcW-pbXwnLsbF_UUnLingifXIK6T2z2LjsBuio2qI6p_R46eakaymVvYiNcYqNQWZxhL83I60/s997/IMG-20230808-WA0009.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="719" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Yhj6dBZrE8c-ZhjwuVJ0OrZGWtACMPLnT7k_2a9iKaae6pnBHMiouFHHDExjgU8RZeko2Nh_uLi_5Swlb1AecoDzG7dz-GFNjS8OssLC_Rsy4Fcpf9CcW-pbXwnLsbF_UUnLingifXIK6T2z2LjsBuio2qI6p_R46eakaymVvYiNcYqNQWZxhL83I60/s320/IMG-20230808-WA0009.jpg" width="231" /></a></div><p></p><p>📚🔍 Sudahkah Anda menjelajahi konsep bisnis tanpa hutang dari perspektif Taqiuddin al-Nabhani? 🧐✨</p><p>Kami mengundang Anda untuk membaca artikel yang membahas pendekatan analisis tematik terhadap pemikiran Taqiuddin al-Nabhani tentang bisnis tanpa hutang. Artikel ini menawarkan wawasan mendalam tentang konsep bisnis yang berlandaskan prinsip-prinsip yang berbeda, menggali gagasan yang bisa mengubah cara pandang Anda terhadap dunia bisnis.</p><p>📖 Dapatkan pemahaman lebih dalam tentang:</p><p>- Prinsip-prinsip utama bisnis tanpa hutang</p><p>- Implikasi praktis dalam dunia bisnis modern</p><p>- Pandangan Taqiuddin al-Nabhani tentang ekonomi dan keadilan</p><p>Tautan untuk artikel:</p><p> (<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372968174_KONSEP_BISNIS_TANPA_HUTANG_DARI_PEMIKIRAN_T">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372968174_KONSEP_BISNIS_TANPA_HUTANG_DARI_PEMIKIRAN_TAQIYUDDIN_AL-_NABHANI_THEMATIC_ANALYSIS_APPROACH</a>)</p><p>Apakah Anda seorang wirausahawan mikro atau pemula yang ingin mengembangkan bisnis tanpa membebani diri dengan utang? Jawabannya ada dalam penelitian terbaru kami yang mengeksplorasi konsep bisnis bebas utang dari pemikiran Taqiyuddīn al-Nabhāni.</p><p>Dalam penelitian yang inovatif ini, kami menggali pemikiran Taqiyuddīn al-Nabhāni, khususnya melalui bukunya Nizhām al-Iqtishādy fī al-Islām dan al-Syakhsiyyah al-Islāmiyyah Juz 2. Metode penelitian kami menggunakan pendekatan analisis tematik yang canggih, didukung oleh perangkat lunak atlas.ti. </p><p>Temuan kami mengungkapkan konsep yang menginspirasi: kepemilikan individu, publik, dan negara yang bebas utang. Konsep ini dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kategori esensial: kerja, pemberian, dan optimasi. Bagaimana konsep-konsep ini diterapkan? Kami menemukan bahwa pemikiran Taqiyuddīn al-Nabhāni memandang pertanian, perdagangan, dan industri sebagai pilar penting. Distribusi aset-aset ini selaras dengan prinsip-prinsip syariah, termasuk kewajiban seperti zakat perdagangan dan pemberian seperti sedekah/infaq.</p><p>Namun, keunikan penelitian kami bukan hanya dalam mengeksplorasi pemikiran al-Nabhāni. Kami menerapkan temuan ini ke dalam dunia nyata, memberikan solusi alternatif bagi wirausahawan mikro dan pemula. Dengan menghindari utang dan mengikuti prinsip-prinsip bisnis berkelanjutan, Anda dapat mengembangkan bisnis Anda tanpa mengorbankan integritas Anda.</p><p>Tidak hanya itu, penelitian ini juga memiliki nilai sejarah yang tak ternilai. Dengan memasukkan literatur klasik dari pemikiran Islam, kami berkontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang bagaimana bisnis dapat dijalankan sesuai dengan nilai-nilai etika dan spiritual.</p><p>Jadi, jika Anda ingin mengukir jejak dalam dunia bisnis tanpa harus terjebak dalam jerat utang, temukan panduan lengkapnya dalam penelitian kami. Mari bersama-sama menciptakan bisnis yang sukses, berkelanjutan, dan bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.</p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-73377193140712949892021-08-26T00:43:00.001-07:002021-08-26T00:43:08.819-07:005 Adab Guru Pada Murid <p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNAsKtr7ee0p3nULGjLpZPWoZeRDGP4Lqm5Et-aC9Ab6GAAQ7G2TJ7fwv509TevsF9U6NslGnbwb5lZXHr7LzN_ac5hjIE4xrfNrezIIsJ8Duy40pyPzVjyG2WdpfzRBPAt1291X-RhKQ//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1440" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNAsKtr7ee0p3nULGjLpZPWoZeRDGP4Lqm5Et-aC9Ab6GAAQ7G2TJ7fwv509TevsF9U6NslGnbwb5lZXHr7LzN_ac5hjIE4xrfNrezIIsJ8Duy40pyPzVjyG2WdpfzRBPAt1291X-RhKQ/w400-h400/image.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sungguh peran guru sangatlah besar dan berdampak bagi pembangunan peradaban masyarakat. Bila ada adab murid terhadap guru, maka adab guru terhadap murid pun ada bahasannya secara terpisah.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mungkin kita sering membaca bagaimana seharusnya perilaku seorang murid terhadap gurunya. Diantaranya adalah bersikap sopan, patuh dalam hal yang diridhoi Allah, dan menyimak dengan baik penuturan sang guru.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Namun ternyata, Islam juga mengajarkan hal yang sebaliknya. Adab atau tuntunan perilaku juga berlaku kepada seorang pendidik. Tulisan ini akan mengupas, bagaimana sih seharusnya seorang guru berperilaku.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Adab Guru Terhadap Murid</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Menjadi seorang pendidik, khususnya guru, adalah amanah dari Allah. Layaknya seorang dokter yang bertanggung jawab terhadap kesehatan tubuh pasiennya, seorang guru bertanggung jawab terhadap kesehatan jiwa serta pemikiran muridnya.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pendidik yang baik meniatkan perilakunya hanya karena Allah. Ia juga mengajar sesuai kapasitas murid-muridnya. Mengingatkan murid ketika salah, namun secara diam-diam. Dan seterusnya. Silahkan simak pemaparannya berikut ini:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. Karena Allah</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mengajar merupakan proses dan profesi yang mulia. Sangat disayangkan sekali apabila hanya diniatkan untuk tujuan-tujuan yang bersifat duniawi. Niat mengajar karena Allah tentu akan menjadi nilai ibadah dan akan dibalas oleh Allah dengan kebaikan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bahkan, ketika kita mengajarkan amal soleh kepada murid-murid kita. Kemudian murid-murid kita mengamalkan amal soleh tersebut, kita pun mendapatkan pahala yang sama dari Allah SWT. Inilah yang disebut sebagai amal jariyah.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. Mengingatkan Murid</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ternyata, ada cara mengingatkan murid yang terbaik sebagai guru. Apabila murid kebetulan memiliki akhlak yang buruk, sebagai guru seharusnya mengingatkan dengan lembut, penuh kasih sayang, dan tidak secara terang-terangan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Imam Syafi’i pernah berkata, “Siapa yang menasihatimu secara sembunyi-sembunyi, maka ia benar-benar menasihatimu. Siapa yang menasihatimu di khalayak ramai, dia sebenarnya menghinamu.” Hal ini dimaksudkan agar selain murid mendapatkan isi dari nasihat sang guru, tapi juga aib akhlak buruknya tetap dijaga dari orang lain.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mengajar Sesuai Kapasitas Murid</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tidak semua murid memiliki daya tangkap dan pemahaman yang sama. Idealnya, guru bisa memberikan penjelasan tentang pelajarannya dengan gamblang agar mudah dipahami oleh semua murid. Tidak terkecuali oleh murid yang kebetulan memiliki daya tangkap yang rendah.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Imam Tirmidzi dalam Kitab Asy-Syamail meriwayatkan dari Aisyah ra. bahwasanya ia berkata: “Rasulullah shalallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam tidak pernah berkata dengan tergesa-gesa sebagaimana yang biasa kalian lakukan. Akan tetapi, beliau berkata dengan ucapan yang sangat jelas dan rinci, sehingga orang lain yang duduk bersamanya akan dapat memahami setiap perkataan beliau.” (HR. Imam Tirmidzi).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. Murid adalah Anak</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Layaknya ayah dan ibu kepada anak kandungnya, seorang guru sebaiknya memperlakukan murid-muridnya seperti memperlakukan anaknya sendiri. Mengajar dengan penuh kasih sayang, kelembutan, pemahaman, dan menjaga aib-aibnya dari orang lain.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Rasulullah <i>shalallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam</i> bersabda, “Sesungguhnya aku bagi kalian tiada lain hanyalah seperti orangtua kepada anaknya. Aku mengajari kalian.” (Ibnu Majah melalui Abu Hurairah).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Sesuai Antara Perkataan dan Perbuatan</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kalau mengacu pada falsafah Jawa, guru merupakan akronim dari kata digugu lan ditiru, sebuah ungkapan yang berarti dipatuhi dan dicontoh. Ungkapan ini betul-betul tepat, karena memang selain seorang guru harus dipatuhi, mereka juga harus menjadi contoh bagi murid-muridnya. Pastikan apa yang kita ajarkan sudah kita lakukan dan amalkan dalam keseharian.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kelima adab guru terhadap murid di atas perlu dilakukan dan diamalkan secara terus menerus. Dengan demikian, insya Allah akan menjadi wasilah untuk melahirkan murid-murid yang tak hanya memiliki prestasi gemilang tapi juga berakhlak mulia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sumber : islamdakwah.com</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLTDPRxgy7wAHyMTwMqxp__wpjJZoZ6QTuCpZlaUCgKhDOQrr_fY1LxMlJVzBZkI1R4M5XIemLQCpORab42CKQYjTYSWyvxWGP2a1pe5WfKyM3GAVsc6NRUBc8sUP4KhPtRHdVsU-8n4o//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1440" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLTDPRxgy7wAHyMTwMqxp__wpjJZoZ6QTuCpZlaUCgKhDOQrr_fY1LxMlJVzBZkI1R4M5XIemLQCpORab42CKQYjTYSWyvxWGP2a1pe5WfKyM3GAVsc6NRUBc8sUP4KhPtRHdVsU-8n4o//" width="300" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghy-yJ3alDm-0W99xVC6IqP8sUXqKIUlIRqJ62KCWMw447tF8gm8hKNfllsNJqPfkUDM1MYEb5ypch2hHEW24C_sypdl3-1tAf8SMr_S3qcImDUjPzMucIGbKnIVC08BUEmodaLl75RoE//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1440" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghy-yJ3alDm-0W99xVC6IqP8sUXqKIUlIRqJ62KCWMw447tF8gm8hKNfllsNJqPfkUDM1MYEb5ypch2hHEW24C_sypdl3-1tAf8SMr_S3qcImDUjPzMucIGbKnIVC08BUEmodaLl75RoE/w400-h400/image.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY11EB4TnbkiF3vm_umMTIDG2dgqqquEjjhkjLJ6zfnsQVdX5LtCYH0_911Q_Viu0Tl9gtlGX9D5_BawlHIQ6HEjW2ViYpF2cxVuJjz8xrsVfxMOoIhlh0AGV6u7vFmnwwgxuL6XKZV98//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1440" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY11EB4TnbkiF3vm_umMTIDG2dgqqquEjjhkjLJ6zfnsQVdX5LtCYH0_911Q_Viu0Tl9gtlGX9D5_BawlHIQ6HEjW2ViYpF2cxVuJjz8xrsVfxMOoIhlh0AGV6u7vFmnwwgxuL6XKZV98/w400-h400/image.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHw8U6YCwuuf_bxjB4PR19RQVFU8v1hSe9mRwz-bBwbk0mzsObfbX4tYTbUlK3UcnUXydijyNA9KhgW9kJtnkAEAg1lGWhZ27guHgauHzyzDSptf3J1YKKrnZe9af8JkP2ItNZqya_uFU//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHw8U6YCwuuf_bxjB4PR19RQVFU8v1hSe9mRwz-bBwbk0mzsObfbX4tYTbUlK3UcnUXydijyNA9KhgW9kJtnkAEAg1lGWhZ27guHgauHzyzDSptf3J1YKKrnZe9af8JkP2ItNZqya_uFU//" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><p></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-4847822876069579062021-08-14T04:48:00.000-07:002021-08-14T04:48:03.022-07:00Konsep Pendidikan Islam Taqiyuddin Al-Nabhani: Kajian Kitab Nizam Al-Islam<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyAbotC3_LmAZgNvreJlkam2asOBxU1nWa3z7FyBvo3ETLGYYAbQx6zIbgCmnxHHv5sY33JEd7iwNb-HD3PZERDw1ClRPEi94QzhuKqon5i28gcHkbqiWhUa6qS1FpHRvrhRX2mSnn5CQ//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyAbotC3_LmAZgNvreJlkam2asOBxU1nWa3z7FyBvo3ETLGYYAbQx6zIbgCmnxHHv5sY33JEd7iwNb-HD3PZERDw1ClRPEi94QzhuKqon5i28gcHkbqiWhUa6qS1FpHRvrhRX2mSnn5CQ/w426-h640/image.png" width="426" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Buku ini adalah hasil penelitian kajian kitab Nizham Al Islam. Yang populer dalam pemikiran Al Nabhani, dengan metode Bayani yang diinterpretasikan dalam konsep Pendidikan Islam maka lahirlah konsep konsep Pendidikan. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Buku ini belum banyak dicetak, Insya Allah terbitan ke 2 akan diperbanyak lagi sebagai jalan pengetahuan dan dakwah. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Untuk mendowload buku (PDF) silahkan klik link berikut:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353588973_Konsep_Pendidikan_Islam_Taqiyuddin_Al-Nabhani_Kajian_Kitab_Nizam_Al-Islam">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353588973_Konsep_Pendidikan_Islam_Taqiyuddin_Al-Nabhani_Kajian_Kitab_Nizam_Al-Islam</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">***</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;">Konsep pendidikan Islam merupakan konsep yang menarik diteliti dan dibaca oleh masyarakat luas, baik mahasiswa, dosen, guru, orang tua maupun oleh intansi negara. Sebab, manusia yang mulia dengan karakter Islami menjadikan konsep ini digemari oleh masyarakat Muslim yang sadar akan kebutuhannya membentuk dirinya maupun sekitarnya menjadi sosok yang mulia atau berkepribadian Islam. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;">Konsep Pendidikan Islam dari para ulama sudah banyak diketahui dan dikaji oleh peneliti pendidikan, akan tetapi konsep pendidikan dari seorang ulama dakwah yang berasal dari Palestina yakni Al-Syaikh Al-Qaḏi Al-Mujâhîd Taqiyuddîn Al-Nabhâni perlu menjadi referensi dalam konsep mendidik peserta didik. Selain beliau adalah seorang pendidik di kementraian pendidikan Palestina, beliau juga seorang Qaḏi (hakim) di Mahkamah Syariah di rentang tahun 1932 hingga 1953 M. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;">Karyanya memiliki seni bahasa dan memuat konsep-konsep rancangan peradaban yang menjadikannya khas dari pemikir lainnya. Sehingga siapa saja yang membaca buku ini akan menemukan satu konsep pendidikan Islam dari salah satu dari setidaknya 33 (tiga puluh tiga) kitabnya yang dibukukan atas namanya. Seperti menyelami samudra yang dalam, pemikiran pendidikan Islam masih banyak lagi yang dapat dikaji. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;">Sehingga menarik untuk menjadikan buku ini sebagai referensi dalam pemuatan karya ilmiah atau bagi siapa saja yang ingin menjadikan konsep ini sebagai jalan untuk dakwah.<br /><br /><b>Versi cetak: </b><br /></span></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: times;"><br /><a href="https://www.tokopedia.com/rendrafr/konsep-pendidikan-islam-taqiyuddin-al-nabhani?utm_source=Android&utm_medium=Share&utm_campaign=Product%20Share">https://www.tokopedia.com/rendrafr/konsep-pendidikan-islam-taqiyuddin-al-nabhani?utm_source=Android&utm_medium=Share&utm_campaign=Product%20Share</a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b>Versi e-book (free download):</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353588973_Konsep_Pendidikan_Islam_Taqiyuddin_Al-Nabhani_Kajian_Kitab_Nizam_Al-Islam">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353588973_Konsep_Pendidikan_Islam_Taqiyuddin_Al-Nabhani_Kajian_Kitab_Nizam_Al-Islam</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3DAK6Kn3zPbaW8Oamh8UjrNAQeNqsjXh3JQlf2ZNaRnACwrLwOfXP0h1mXV_W1J-3C8AXnvS9T6Q1jHTaOuqRlhqh41YmIshxPdQVBOsf6Bkebolxt8fxtgbW0oTeXJ6buQhbtMYMkTY//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3DAK6Kn3zPbaW8Oamh8UjrNAQeNqsjXh3JQlf2ZNaRnACwrLwOfXP0h1mXV_W1J-3C8AXnvS9T6Q1jHTaOuqRlhqh41YmIshxPdQVBOsf6Bkebolxt8fxtgbW0oTeXJ6buQhbtMYMkTY/w427-h640/image.png" width="427" /></a></div><br /><br /></div></div></div><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-57054379243356019002021-06-24T00:52:00.001-07:002021-06-24T01:54:29.820-07:00Peran Qadhi Hisbah Dalam Strategi Indonesia Menjadi Pusat Ekonomi Syariah Global [Part 1]<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE1zo3N_pBgUBslV_QsECP-A74sLHFdVpIyDg1GN2GcivZ-2a_cbOSsHoHQ380B20YDabRs5eI497qzRbQXA8BzrSobhGJ5xYA0W8o_9nnDzCQO_q_iXWZdDAEPM4X972_O2gpZ_xIvRQ/s500/rendra+fr+-+hisbah.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="500" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE1zo3N_pBgUBslV_QsECP-A74sLHFdVpIyDg1GN2GcivZ-2a_cbOSsHoHQ380B20YDabRs5eI497qzRbQXA8BzrSobhGJ5xYA0W8o_9nnDzCQO_q_iXWZdDAEPM4X972_O2gpZ_xIvRQ/w640-h432/rendra+fr+-+hisbah.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Melihat
perkembangan ekonomi Islam di Indonesia yang dinamis seiring antusiasnya
masyarakat mendekat pada implementasi keuangan syariah mulai dari perihal sosial,
jual beli, perbankan, asuransi, serta lainnya yang terus bertumbuh,<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
menjadikan Indonesia mulai ingin menempatkan sebagai rujukan ekonomi syariah
global karena potensi pengembangan ekonomi syariah memiliki aset mencapai 2000
triliun per tahun.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ekonomi
Islam memiliki pondasi sektor real yang sangat kuat, dengan dukungan terhadap
usaha kecil menengah atau ekonomi kreatif yang di tata <i>value chain</i>-nya
dengan halal dan <i>thoyyib</i>. Hal ini akan mempunyai dampak besar bagi
perputaran ekonomi serta perilaku masyarakat Indonesia ke depan, aspek etika
pada ekonomi syariah menjadi <i>way of life</i> pada dunia industri yang
melihat <i>demand </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masyarakat Muslim
yang ingin aktif, dinamis dan kreatif dalam batasan-batasan Islam dalam
kehidupan mereka maka muncul <i>shampo</i> untuk wanita berhijab, kosmetik
halal, <i>fashion</i> syar’i dan lain-lain dari industri-industri.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ekonomi Islam
adalah masa depan, Muhammad Akram Khan (1991) berpendapat bahwa hanya ekonomi
Islam yang memiliki potensi untuk menjawab masalah ekonomi masa depan.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Khan menyatakan sudah saatnya para cendikiawan Muslim banyak berbicara,
menyibukkan diri dengan menghadirkan ekonomi syariah pada solusi untuk
masalah-masalah ekonomi dunia. Karna masalah pada ekonomi saat ini adalah
penyimpangan dari nilai dan prinsip Islam, oleh karena itu strategi
pengembangan ekonomi Islam akan sangat diperlukan oleh Indonesia agar menjadi pusat
ekonomi global yang hadir sebagai negera yang kuat dan berdaulat ekonominya
dengan bbergeraknya sektor-sektor real dan kreatif berdasarkan prinsip syariah.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kendala Pengembangan Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
mencapai tujuan menjadi pusat ekonomi syariah global, Indonesia memiliki
kendala dalam pengembangannya. Seperti, permodalan yang tidak cukup untuk
pendirian usaha/industri berbasis syariah, hukum yang masih terbatas untuk
memeriksa sengketa-sengketa ekonomi syariah, rendahnya sosialisasi pemahaman
masyarakat sistem dan pelayanan produk-produk syariah, dan operator terdidik
yang berpengalaman dalam pelaksanaan ekonomi syariah masih kurang.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Akan tetapi ini
adalah kesempatan bagi masyarakat Muslim khususnya akademisi ekonomi syariah
memunculkan peluang untuk berkembangnya prinsip-prinsip syariah ditengah-tengah
masyarakat dengan gagasan baru, yang dahulu pernah diselesaikan oleh pendahulu
yang menerapkan ekonomi syariah secara global dan komprehensif yakni Rasulullah
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ﷺ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> dan Khulaf</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">â</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Al-Rasyid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">î</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n
yang gemilang pada masanya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Strategi Pengembangan Ekonomi Syariah di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kegemilangan
ekonomi syariah pada masa Rasulullah <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ﷺ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
dan Khulaf</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">â</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Al-Rasyid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">î</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n khususnya masa Amir Al-Mukmin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">î</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n Umar Ibn Khaththab selain ditopang oleh negara secara politik
ekonomi juga oleh berlakunya hukum ekonomi yang terlaksana baik. Secara politik
ekonomi Indonesia masih belum menerapkan sepenuhnya politik ekonomi syariah, tetapi
secara hukum syariah sudah ada sengketa-sengketa ekonomi syariah yang
diselesaikan di peradilan agama meski bukan pada peradilan negeri. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maka,
memunculkan kembali <i>qâdhî hisbah </i>merupakan hal yang bisa diterapkan di
Indonesia. Karna mulai dari dasar inilah, masyarakat akan terbiasa dengan sudut
pandang syariah dalam aktivitas<i> muamalah</i>-nya, selain itu tugas dan
fungsi <i>qâdhî hisbah</i> tidak hanya mengadili sengketa-sengketa saja akan
tetapi juga menyentuh pencegahan terjadinya sengketa. Sebagaimana Rasulullah <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ﷺ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> melakukan aktivitas hisbah di pasar dan
juga Beliau <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ﷺ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> mengangkat Said Ibn
Al-Ash untuk mengurusi pasar di Makkah setelah Pembebasan Makkah seperti yang
dinyatakan di dalam Thabaqât Ibn Sa‘ad dan di dalam Al-Isti‘âb oleh Ibn Abdil Bar.
Umar bin al-Khaththab juga pernah mengangkat asy-Syifa’ dan Abdullah bin Utbah
menjadi <i>qâdhî hisbah</i> di pasar Madinah, telah dinukil oleh Imam Malik di
dalam Al-Muwatha’ dan Imam Syafi’i di dalam Musnad Al-Syafi‘i.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">فإن تسمية القضاء الذي يفصل في الخصومات
التي تضر حق الجماعة بالحصبة</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya: <i>“Penamaan
peradilan yang menyelesaikan berbagai perselisihan yang dapat membahayakan
hak-hak jamaah dengan sebutan hisbah”<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Akan tetapi,
tugas dari hisbah ini harus dimulai dan terus berupaya berkesinambungan untuk
melakukan pendidikan pemahaman ekonomi syariah di masyarakat. Qâdhî hisbah akan
dekat dengan masyarakat baik di pasar, industri, perkantoran,
sekolahan/universitas, usaha-usaha kecil menengah dan lain-lain di wilayah
pengabdiannya. Sehingga qadhi hisbah ini akan turut membantu negara menaikkan
penerapan ekonomi masyarakat menjadi makmur karena arahan dan bimbingannya di
masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indonesia dapat memulai dengan
memempatkan pegawai negeri atau sifatnya kontrak yang memiliki kemampuan dalam
ekonomi syariah dan meyelesaikan masalah-masalah masyarakat dengan cara
edukasi, pelatihan, pengembangan usaha serta melakukan monitoring terhadap
kegiatan masyarakat agar sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi syariah yang
diadopsi negara. Menyebar ke seluruh desa atau kelurahaan, yang ada di pedesaan
maupun perkotaan dengan tidak harus berada dalam ruang peradilan dalan
penyelesaian masalah atau melakukan pendekatan kepada masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Akan
sangat efektif berkembangnya ekonomi syariah dengan gagasan munculnya qadhi
hisbah ini, sebagai pendorong ekonomi dari masyarakat menuju global. Karna
masyarakat akan terdorong melakukan ekspansi pasar ekspor maupun antar provinsi
berbekal pemahaman dan integrasinya dengan negara yang diwakilkan oleh qadhi
hisbah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indonesia yang ingin menjadi pusat
ekonomi syariah global merupakan langkah baik yang harus disambut oleh semua
pihak. Selain ekonomi syariah bergerak disektor riil, juga adanya potensi yang
besar dari munculnya ekonomi syariah ini bagi Indonesia ke depan. Ekonomi
syriah adalah masa depan, sehingga gagasan adanya qadhi hisbah sebagai
kepanjangan tangan negara di desa-desa dengan melakukan pencegahan penyimpangan
hak-hak jamaah/masyarakat sebelum penerapan sanksi hukum akan sangat efisien
mendongkrak dinamisnya ekonomi syariah bertumbuh di Indonesia dan mengglobal
memajukan Indonesia dan masyarakat dunia pada umumnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Referensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ghafur, Abdul. 2017. <i>Pengantar Ekonomi Syariah: konsep dasar, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>paradigma, pengembangan ekonomi syariah</i>.
Rajawali Press: Depok.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hizb Al-Tahrir. 2005. <i>Ajhizat al-Daulah al-Khilafah</i>. Beirut:
Dar al-Ummah, 2005<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Khan, Muhammad Akram. <i>The future of Islamic economics</i>.
Futures, 1991, 23.3: 248-261, </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-%093287(91)90139-S"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3287(91)90139-S</span></i></a><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lukita. (2020). Peluang Syariah Di Era Degradasi. Jurnal
Al-Iqtishod. Vol, 8(1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rama, Ali. 2014. <i>Potensi Ekonomi Syariah Global,</i> Koran
Republika 6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tolok, Aprianus Doni. 2021. <i>Jokowi Ingin Indonesia Jadi Pusat Rujukan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ekonomi Syariah Global,</i> <i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></span><a href="https://finansial.bisnis.com/read/20210125/231/1347304/jokow%09i-ingin-indonesia-jadi-pusat-rujukan-ekonomi-syariah-global"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://finansial.bisnis.com/read/20210125/231/1347304/jokowi-ingin-indonesia-jadi-pusat-rujukan-ekonomi-syariah-global</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span> Abdul
Ghafur, <i>Pengantar Ekonomi Syariah: konsep dasar, paradigma, pengembangan
ekonomi syariah</i>, (Rajawali Press : Depok, 2017)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
Aprianus Doni Tolok, <i>Jokowi Ingin Indonesia Jadi Pusat Rujukan Ekonomi
Syariah Global,</i> </span><a href="https://finansial.bisnis.com/read/20210125/231/1347304/jokowi-ingin-indonesia-jadi-pusat-rujukan-ekonomi-syariah-global"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://finansial.bisnis.com/read/20210125/231/1347304/jokowi-ingin-indonesia-jadi-pusat-rujukan-ekonomi-syariah-global</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span> Rama,
Ali, <i>Potensi Ekonomi Syariah Global,</i> Koran Republika 6 (2014).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span> Khan,
Muhammad Akram. <i>The future of Islamic economics</i>. Futures, 1991, 23.3:
248-261, </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(91)90139-S"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(91)90139-S</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span> Lukita.
(2020). Peluang Syariah Di Era Degradasi. Jurnal Al-Iqtishod. Vol, 8(1), hal.
3-4.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span> Hizb
Al-Tahrir, <i>Ajhizat al-Daulah al-Khilafah</i> (Beirut: Dar al-Ummah, 2005),
hlm. 110.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/Riset%20Tazkia/01.%20Juni%202021/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie%20-%20Esai%20Strategi%20Ekonomi%20Indonesia.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span> <i>Ibid.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
</div><br /><p></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-48320184450503813552021-06-14T21:32:00.003-07:002021-06-14T21:34:33.175-07:00Bunga Rampai: Buku Hitam Putih Ekonomi Islam<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwDC05i8w__5N4fkVKWlDi9pB6YKxStoUwZ36CvTP7CoolMag4jWcQPjNOTBqS6xXei3i924PMdLlxMKKYjRsYP2zMNj5fbh5_hmcFu6szOOmIZdljQXhLix0IRinCtRPpam9r9poAxPk//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="507" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwDC05i8w__5N4fkVKWlDi9pB6YKxStoUwZ36CvTP7CoolMag4jWcQPjNOTBqS6xXei3i924PMdLlxMKKYjRsYP2zMNj5fbh5_hmcFu6szOOmIZdljQXhLix0IRinCtRPpam9r9poAxPk/w281-h400/image.png" width="281" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-0-0" style="font-family: inherit;">#</span></span><span data-offset-key="35nqq-1-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;">economicbook </span></span><span class="diy96o5h" end="29" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" start="14" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">#newpublication</span><span data-offset-key="35nqq-3-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;">
<b><i>
Klik link, for reading or download.</i></b>
</span></span><span class="py34i1dx" color="var(--blue-link)" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-4-0" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351782370_Buku_Hitam-Putih_Ekonomi_Islam">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351782370_Buku_Hitam-Putih_Ekonomi_Islam</a></span></span><span data-offset-key="35nqq-5-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351782370_Buku_Hitam-Putih_Ekonomi_Islam">
</a>
Buku ini adalah susunan pemikiran pemikiran ekonomi. Dengan merujuk para ekonom muslim terdahulu dan mengembangkan pembahasannya dalam ranah ekonomi. <br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-5-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-5-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;">Konsep buku ini adalah mempertemukan konsep ekonomi konvensioanal dengan ekonomi Islam secara berhadapan. Keingintahuan merupakan modal besar bagi para penulis untuk membuka diskusi saat membahas poin-poin yang disusun di daftar isi, dengan kaitannya pada ekonomi Islam.
Memang ada persamaan dan ada pula perbedaan dalam tiap bahasan. Menarik, dibaca sebagai referensi membuat makalah, tugas esai di sekolah bagi pelajar atau masyarakat umum yang senang mengkaji ekonomi Islam pada era modern ini.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-5-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-5-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;">dari perbandingan pemikiran ekonomi antar pemikiran syariah maupun dengan pemikir non syariah, dijelaskan bagaimana sistem ekonomi konvensional bekerja serta menjelaskan teori tentang syariah.
<b><i>Klik link, for reading or download.</i></b>
</span></span><span class="py34i1dx" color="var(--blue-link)" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-6-0" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351782370_Buku_Hitam-Putih_Ekonomi_Islam">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351782370_Buku_Hitam-Putih_Ekonomi_Islam</a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="py34i1dx" color="var(--blue-link)" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-6-0" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="py34i1dx" style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-6-0" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">Yang merupakan platform bagi para peneliti bersosial media, free dibaca dan dikaji. Meski kami menjualnya di google-play, tapi bagi kami ilmu itu harus juga dibaca bagi semua kalangan sebagai referensi.
<i>Bogor, Juni 2021</i>
<b><i>Salam,</i></b>
</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="py34i1dx" style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span data-offset-key="35nqq-6-0" style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505;">Para penulis (author): Mahasiswa MES REG 17, IAI Tazkia</span><span face="Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">
(Editor: M. Yusuf Ibrahim & Rendra Fahrurrozie)</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-47150289563223120062021-04-17T02:23:00.007-07:002021-04-17T02:25:32.121-07:00Review Jurnal: Board of Commissioners in Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, and Ownership Structure<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWxpqqem2Cb56QuPY4ySDFSNmRg2ly4hvVhFG5FbA3mejWhvWPRNCRbbybH7d5v4sA1yzd28JIxmO2rVzMuQ3sNY_tXuj0SjgVzj3PQqsPHpU90Gihq6v6F57z16kMxcmlNJNKFy01_U8/s1000/komisaris.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="1000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWxpqqem2Cb56QuPY4ySDFSNmRg2ly4hvVhFG5FbA3mejWhvWPRNCRbbybH7d5v4sA1yzd28JIxmO2rVzMuQ3sNY_tXuj0SjgVzj3PQqsPHpU90Gihq6v6F57z16kMxcmlNJNKFy01_U8/w640-h400/komisaris.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><br /><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Reviewer:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rendra Fahrurrozie, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Khaerud Dawam </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Authors:</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cynthia A. Utama, Sidharta
Utama, 201</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">9</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 51.45pt; margin: 51.45pt 0cm 10pt 1.1pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0.2pt 10pt 0.95pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jurnal ini menginvestigasi
hubungan dua arah antara kinerja perusahaan dan ukuran BOC; juga pengaruh
non-linear dari ukuran dewan terhadap kinerja perusahaan, serta pengaruh
langsung dan tidak langsung dari struktur kepemilikan terhadap efek kinerja
perusahaan pada ukuran dewan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dewan
direksi, sebagai badan pengawas yang memberikan arahan strategis, merupakan
pusat dari mekanisme internal praktik tata kelola perusahaan (Brown dan Caylor
2006). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0.2pt 10pt 0.95pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perusahaan-perusahaan
di Indonesia wajib memiliki struktur dewan rangkap: Dewan Komisaris (BOC) dan
Dewan Direksi (BOD). Direksi menentukan keputusan strategis jangka pendek dan
jangka panjang serta mengelola perusahaan, sedangkan Dewan Komisaris mengawasi
dan memberi nasihat kepada Direksi atas jalannya perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0.2pt 10pt 0.95pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sehingga dalam
jurnal ini meneliti mengenai ukuran kinerja perusahaan, dengan menemukan ada
hubungan simultan antara kinerja perusahaan dan ukuran Dewan Komisaris
menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Return On Assets</i>
(ROA). ROA ini di dalam desain penelitian jurnal, telah banyak digunakan untuk
mengukur hubungannya dengan tata kelola dewan, atau untuk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menunjukkan
penyebaran aset perusahaan dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pengembaliannya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0.2pt 10pt 0.95pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kepemilikan
yang terkonsentrasi akan mudah memantau manager, tetapi akan d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">apat
meningkatkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">masalah
antara pemegang saham pengendali dan pemegang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">saham minoritas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemegang saham pengendali dapat
campur tangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dalam
proses pengambilan keputusan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perusahaan
untuk kepentingan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mereka
sendiri, bahkan jika tindakan ini mengorbankan pemangku</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kepentingan lainnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 0.2pt 10pt 0.95pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kuran
dewan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">komisaris
berdampak positif pada kinerja perusahaan karena</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ukuran dewan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang lebih besar dapat meningkatkan
fungsi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">penasehatnya
kepada CEO.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dewan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> berukuran lebih besar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">juga berarti peningkatan modal
manusia, dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pengetahuan
khusus yang lebih baik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tentang
bisnis dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">informasi
dewan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Karena itu, jurnal ini mencoba untuk mengukur
sejauhmana pengaruh besarnya komisaris dalam perusahaan dengna kinerja
perusahaan yang dikelola oleh Direksi. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; margin: 22.15pt 0cm 10pt 0.95pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">METODE</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.75pt; margin: 6.75pt 0cm 10pt 36.85pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6 (enam)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hipotesis yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ditempatkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
dalam penelitian ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, yaitu sebagai:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; margin: 6.6pt 5.9pt 10pt 19.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada
hubungan berbentuk U terbalik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">antara
ukuran dewan dan kinerja perusahaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; margin: 6.6pt 5.9pt 10pt 19.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kinerja
perusahaan memiliki pengaruh negatif pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ukuran </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dewan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; margin: 6.6pt 5.9pt 10pt 19.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kepemilikan
saham / hak arus kas dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pemegang
saham terbesar memiliki dampak negatif pada ukuran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dewan direksi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; margin: 6.6pt 5.9pt 10pt 19.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perbedaan
antara hak kontrol dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hak
arus kas memiliki dampak positif pada ukuran dewan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ireksi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; margin: 6.6pt 5.9pt 10pt 19.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengaruh
negatif kinerja perusahaan pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ukuran
dewan dirugikan dengan tingkat kepemilikan /</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hak arus kas yang lebih besar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; margin: 6.6pt 5.9pt 10pt 19.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengaruh
negatif kinerja perusahaan pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ukuran
dewan direksi diperkuat untuk perusahaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dengan perbedaan yang lebih besar
antara kendali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mereka
dan hak arus kas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 1pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
penelitian dengan metode kualitatif empiris ini, menggunakan desain penelitian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menggunakan
Return On Assets (ROA) untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mengukur
kinerja perusahaan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">juga
menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Price
to Book Value of equity (PBV) sebagai proksi dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tobin's Q untuk mengukur kinerja
yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">diharapkan
dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perusahaan
di masa depan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 1pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penelitian ini
mengambil sample data tentang hak arus kas dan hak kendali diperoleh dari
Diyanti (2010) yang digunakan adalah perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di
Bursa Efek Indonesia pada tahun 2007 dan 2008, untuk sample penelitian. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Data
dari laporan keuangan, seperti ROA,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">komposisi
dewan direksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">data lainnya dikumpulkan dari
Indonesian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Capital
Market Directory (ICMD)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan
pusat referensi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pasar
modal.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Sehingga pengaruh krisis pada 2008, menjadi variable
untuk mempengaruhi variable kinerja. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 1pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ntuk
menguji Hipotesis 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sampai
4 menggunakan dua model</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">regresi
simultan (Persamaan 1 dan 2). Untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menguji
hipotesis dengan variabel moderasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Hipotesis
5 dan 6),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menggunakan
dua model</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">regresi
lain (Persamaan 3 dan 4)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; margin: 22.15pt 0cm 10pt 1.15pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; margin: 22.15pt 0cm 10pt 1.15pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">itemukan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hasil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dalam
penelitian ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">adalah sebagai
berikut:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 19pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">da</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hubungan simultan antara kinerja
perusahaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(yaitu,
ROA) dan ukuran dewan, dengan demikian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hipotesis
pertama dan kedua didukung. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pertama,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hasil mendukung bahwa ada file
berbentuk U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">terbalik
hubungan antara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ukuran
dewan direksi dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kinerja
perusahaan. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh karena
itu, kinerja perusahaan lebih tinggi dengan dewan yang lebih besar karena dewan
yang lebih besar memberikan pengetahuan yang lebih dalam, keputusan strategis
yang lebih berkualitas, dan memainkan peran penasehat yang lebih baik. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dewan
yang lebih besar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">juga
meningkatkan faktor sumber daya manusia, dengan pengetahuan spesifik yang lebih baik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tentang bisnis dan informasi dari
dewan. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Namun, dewan
yang sangat besar menyebabkan kesulitan dalam komunikasi, koordinasi, dan
proses pengambilan keputusan sehingga menurunkan efektivitas dewan dan
akibatnya, kinerja perusahaan menurun (Jensen, 1993). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hasil 2SLS, dengan memperhatikan
konstanta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">variabel
lain, maka dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dihitung
jumlah komisaris</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang
memaksimalkan ROA dan hasilnya adalah 5,8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(dalam praktik 6) komisaris.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kedua,
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kinerja perusahaan memiliki
pengaruh negatif yang signifikan<br />
terhadap ukuran dewan direksi. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 55.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasil ini menguatkan temuan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sebelumnya yang menunjukkan bahwa
perusahaan cenderung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">meningkatkan
ukuran dewan ketika mengalami <i>financial distress</i>. Dewan yang lebih besar diharapkan dapat meningkatkan fungsi pengawasan dan penasehat sehingga hasilnya adalah kinerja yang lebih baik oleh perusahaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Studi lain menemukan bahwa kinerja
buruk perusahaan akan memaksa perusahaan untuk meningkatkan jumlah orang luar dalam struktur dewan mereka. Pihak luar diharapkan dapat meningkatkan independensi dewan direksi dan meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Dalam konteks Indonesia, hasilnya
menunjukkan hal itu untuk perusahaan yang berkinerja buruk, pengawasan dan
bimbingan strategis oleh Dewan Komisaris dapat ditingkatkan dengan memiliki
Dewan Komisaris yang lebih besar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 19pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasil yang berkaitan dengan pengaruh konsentrasi
kepemilikan terhadap ukuran dewan tidak mendukung Hipotesis 3 pada Tabel 4.
Maka, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan kepemilikan terkonsentrasi
tidak memiliki pengaruh langsung terhadap ukuran Dewan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 19pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kuran
dewan direksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dipengaruhi
secara positif oleh ukuran perusahaan dan usia perusahaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Temuan ini mendukung argumen bahwa perusahaan berukuran
lebih besar dan lebih tua biasanya jauh lebih kompleks, sehingga diperlukan dewan yang lebih besar untuk mengawasi perusahaan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 19pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berkenaan dengan efek moderasi dari cashflow leverage
(CFL) terhadap hubungan antara kinerja dan ukuran dewan direksi, terdapat bukti
lemah bahwa leverage arus kas yang lebih tinggi memperkuat efek negatif kinerja
pada ukuran dewan komisaris. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; margin: 1.5pt 7.35pt 10pt 1pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
pembahasannya dapat disimpulkan dari jurnal ini , bahwa (1) ada hubungan
simultan antara kinerja perusahaan dan ukuran Dewan Komisaris; (2) ukuran dewan
komisaris meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan hingga level tertentu, tetapi dewan
yang sangat besar menurunkan kinerja perusahaan; (3) pengaruh tidak linier
ukuran Dewan terhadap kinerja dan efek negatif kerkait kinerja pada ukuran
Dewan di bawah struktur papan tunggal. Maka, hubungan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara ukuran Dewan dan kinerja terjadi
terlepas dari struktur papan (papan tunggal atau ganda); (4) ukuran yang
berbeda dari struktur kepemilikan tidak memiliki pengaruh langsung terhadap
ukuran dewan sesuai dengan hipotesis. (5) struktur kepemilikan memiliki
pengaruh moderat pada dampak kinerja perusahaan pada ukuran dewan komisaris;
(6) ketika hak kepemilikan meningkat, efek negatif kinerja pada ukuran dewan
menghilang. (7) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">meningkatnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perbedaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">antara hak kendali dan kepemilikan,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pengaruh negatif kinerja terhadap
ukuran dewan secara marginal menguat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. (8) pengaruh
negatif dari kinerja perusahaan dan dewan terutama terjadi pada perusahaan yang
tunduk pada ekspropriasi insentif yang tinggi oleh pemegang saham pengendali.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam penelitian yang lain, komisaris Independen justru yang mempunyai
pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kinerja perusahaan, dibandingkan Dewan
Komisaris </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">(Brayen Prastika Dwi Putra, 2015). </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Komisaris Independen yang merupakan anggota Dewan Komisaris yang tidak
memiliki hubungan keuangan, kepengurusan, kepemilikan saham dan/atau hubungan
keluarga dengan anggota Dewan Komisaris, anggota Direksi dan/atau pemegang
saham pengendali atau dengan perusahaan yang mungkin menghalangi atau
menghambat posisinya. Justru menjadi pengawas dan pensihat yang baik. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada peneliatin terhadap kinerja perusahaan manufaktur di tahun 2014-
2016, dengan metode sampling <i>purposive sampling, </i>dengan hasil penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa komposisi dewan Komisaris Independen berpengaruh positif dan
signifikan terhadap kinerja keuangan perusahaan, ukuran dewan komisaris
berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap Kinerja Keuangan perusahaan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">(Aminar
Sutra Dewi, et.al, 2018). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maka
komisaris independen ini yang sangat perlu dalam perusahaan yang tidak
disebutkan dalam penelitian Cynthia (2019) ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
peraturan yang diatur oleh BEJ tanggal 1 Juli 2000, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bahwa perusahaan yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">listed </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bursa harus mempunyai
komisaris</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">independen yang secara professional</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dengan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">persyaratan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">jumlah minimal komisaris independen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">adalah 30% dari
seluruh anggota</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dewan komisaris.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Dan saat membuat komite audit, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peraturan Bapepam-LK
No.IX.I.5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tentang Pembentukan Pedoman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pelaksanaan Kerja
Komite Audit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perusahaan publik diwajibkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">membentuk komite audit yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">berjumlah
sekurang-kurangnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3
(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tiga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">)
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">orang dimana salah satunya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan komisaris
independen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perusahaan dan bertindak sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ketua komite audit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> memang ada penelitian bahwa Komisaris independen
ini tidak ada pengaruh terhadap kinerja keuangan, karan sifatnya formalitas
saja. Akan tetapi dalam penelitian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tingginya proporsi
dewan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">komisaris independen maka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pengawasan terhadap
kinerja</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">manajemen juga semakin tinggi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sehingga akan dapat
mengontrol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">manajer untuk tidak melakukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perbuatan yang tidak
sejalan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kepentingan pemegang saham</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">(Maria Fransisca Widyati, 2013). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mendukung
penelitian Cynthia (2019) ini, bahwa konsentrasi kepemilikan memang tidak
berpengaruh terhadap kinerja perusahaan, yang berpengaruh itu adalah
kepemilikan manajerial terhadap kinerja perusahaan <span style="mso-themecolor: text2;">(Nopi Puji Lestari dan Agung Juliarto, 2017). </span>Memang
kepemilikan terkonsentrasi yang menimbulkan pemegang saham mayoritas dan
minoritas menimbulkan potensi konflik yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja
perusahaan. Inilah peran dari Dewan Komisaris dalam memberikan pengaruhnya
untuk menyelisaikan perselisihan ini. Tepat ketika Cynthia (2019) menyimpulkan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">u</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kuran dewan direksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dipengaruhi secara positif oleh
ukuran perusahaan dan usia perusahaan.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Termasuk
adanya struktur modal yang secara positif dapat memoderasi hubungan antara
struktur kepemilikan dengan kinerja perusahaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;"> (Fitriana Warap Sari dan Fidiana, 2021). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jadi, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kumpulan dana yang digunakan dan
dialokasikan oleh perusahaan dimana dana tersebut dapat diperoleh dari hutang jangka panjang
dan modal sendiri juga mempengaruhi kinerja perusahaan, selain ukuran komisaris
yang juga besar seitung besarnya perusahaan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .85pt; margin-right: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.65pt; margin: 6.65pt 6pt 10pt 0.85pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara keseluruhan, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">jurnal ini meneliti kinerja perusahaan dengan terlibatnya
komisaris dengan ukurannya. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada ukuran tertentu
kinerja akan meningkat, jika komisarisnya besar justru akan menurun. Hal ini
dalam penelitian lain secara khusus, yang menjadi pembangkit kenirja perusahaan
adalah komisaris Independen yang tidak ada hubungan dengan pemilik saham atau
anggota dewan komisaris, jadi ia bersifat profesional dan dalam audit perlu
sebagai kontrol kinerja perusahaan, juga sebagai penasehat direksi dan penengah
jika terjadi perselisihan dalam perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .85pt; margin-right: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.65pt; margin: 6.65pt 6pt 10pt 0.85pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Struktur
kepemilikan yang terkonstrasi, tidak mempunyai pengaruh dalam kinerja
perusahaan. Yang memiliki pengaruh adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kepemilikan
manajerial terhadap kinerja perusahaan, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ukuran dewan
direksi dan dewan komisaris berngaruh juga karena ukuran perusahaan dan usia
perusahaan, termasuk adanya struktur modal juga mempengaruhi kinerja
perusahaan. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan kepemilikan terkonsentrasi, dengan
komisaris independen yang cukup porsinya, juga struktur modal yang memadai
inilah yang membuat kinerja peruhaan itu lebih baik.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.35pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">REFERENSI</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cynthia </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sidharta Utama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. 2019. </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Board of Commissioners in Corporate</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Governance,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Firm Performance, and</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ownership Structure</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Internatinal Research Journal of
Business Studies</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dewi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aminar Sutra</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dkk. 2018. <i>Pengaruh Karakteristik Dewan
Komisaris Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. </i>Sekolah
Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi KBP, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jurnal Benefita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .8pt; margin-right: 2.9pt; margin-top: 14.0pt; margin: 14pt 2.9pt 10pt 0.8pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Putra</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Brayen
Prastika Dwi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 2015</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengaruh Dewan Komisaris, Proporsi
Komisaris Independen, Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Skripsi
thesis, Universitas Airlangga.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lestari, Nopi Puji dan Agung Juliarto. 2017. <i>Pengaruh
Dimensi Struktur Kepemilikan Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Manufaktur. </i>Diponegoro
Journal of Accounting.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sari, Fitriana Warap dan Fidiana. 2021. <i>Pengaruh
Struktur Kepemilikan Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Dengan Struktur Modal Sebagai
Pemoderasi. </i>Jurnal Ilmu & Riset Akuntansi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Widyati, Maria Fransisca. 2013. </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengaruh Dewan Direksi, Komisaris</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Independen, Komite Audit,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kepemilikan Manajerial Dan</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kepemilikan Institusional</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-88265811911506058772021-04-12T03:05:00.001-07:002021-04-12T03:05:39.889-07:00Kiat-Kiat Sukses Ramadhan<div><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDeEA10SZxvWAoFZan8J10kdhLC0afoAc4gdlWSRDt5dSObdBo3O7xKI1YQlFEJbkPBr7J9BFXulHU419MJXBouDMzAzrxy0R4ovb34-rZyJnsNGZJgV3yNQ_sCTOcd1IjnzJrW9DlvA0/s1600/FB_IMG_1618221708325.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDeEA10SZxvWAoFZan8J10kdhLC0afoAc4gdlWSRDt5dSObdBo3O7xKI1YQlFEJbkPBr7J9BFXulHU419MJXBouDMzAzrxy0R4ovb34-rZyJnsNGZJgV3yNQ_sCTOcd1IjnzJrW9DlvA0/s1600/FB_IMG_1618221708325.jpg" border="0" data-original-width="720" data-original-height="720" width="320" height="320" class=" imageResizeTarget imageResizeTarget"></a></div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Oleh: KH. Hafidz Abdurrahman</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Keutamaan bulan Ramadhan ini telah dideskripsikan sendiri oleh Nabi ﷺ dalam khutbah baginda, sebagaimana yang diriwayatkan oleh Ibn Huzaimah dalam kitab Shahih-nya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam khutbahnya, baginda menegaskan, bahwa Ramadhan adalah bulan yang agung dan penuh berkah. Di dalamnya terdapat satu malam yang nilai (amal shalih) di dalamnya lebih baik dari seribu bulan. Allah menjadikan puasa pada siang harinya sebagai sebuah kewajiban, dan menghidupkan malamnya sebagai perbuatan sunnah (tathawwu’). </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Siapa saja yang mendekatkan diri kepada Allah dengan mengerjakan satu kebaikan, maka nilainya sama dengan mengerjakan satu ibadah wajib pada bulan lain. Siapa saja yang mengerjakan satu perbuatan wajib, maka nilainya sama dengan mengerjakan tujupuluh kebaikan di bulan yang lain. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ramadhan juga bulan kesabaran, dan kesabaran itu balasannya surga. Ramadhan juga bulan tolong-menolong (ta’awun), di mana di dalamnya rezki seorang Mukmin akan bertambah. Siapa saja yang memberikan buka kepada orang yang berpuasa, maka itu akan menjadi maghfirah bagi dosa-dosanya, penyelamatnya dari api neraka dan ia memperoleh pahala seperti orang yang berpuasa itu, tanpa mengurangi sedikitpun pahala orang yang berpuasa itu.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Karena itu, meski bulan Ramadhan ini tidak termasuk asyhurul hurum (bulan haram), tetapi bulan ini memiliki keutamaan yang tiada duanya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Di bulan ini, Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala telah menurunkan al-Qur’an, sebagaimana dituturkan Allah dalam surat al-Baqarah: 185. Ayat pertama yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad ﷺ. di Gua Hira’ adalah Iqra’, diturunkan pada tanggal 17 Ramadhan 13 SH (sebelum Hijrah) atau bulan Juli 610 M. Karena itu, bulan ini juga disebut syahr al-Qur’an (bulan al-Qur’an).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bulan ini juga dijadikan oleh Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala sebagai bulan puasa, dimana ummat Islam diwajibkan untuk berpuasa selama sebulan penuh di bulan tersebut. Karena itu, bulan ini juga disebut syahru as-shiyam. Allah pun menetapkan puasa dan al-Qur’an sebagai pemberi syafaat pada Hari Kiamat (HR Ahmad, at-Thabrani dan al-Hakim). </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tidak hanya itu, malaikat pun akan memintakan ampunan untuk orang yang berpuasa selama berpuasa hingga berbuka. Dan, Allah pun memberikan ampunan untuk mereka di akhir malam bulan Ramadhan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Di bulan ini, Allah telah menjadikan salah satu malamnya, sebagai Lailatu al-Qadar, yaitu satu malam yang nilainya lebih baik dibanding seribu bulan (Q.s. al-Qadar [97]: 1-5), tentu jika digunakan untuk melakukan amal shalih, seperti shalat, membaca al-Qur’an, dzikir dan sebagainya. Maka, satu perbuatan baik yang dilakukan di malam itu nilainya masih lebih baik ketimbang perbuatan yang sama dilakukan selama seribu bulan. Itulah malam Lailatu al-Qadar, yang hanya ada di bulan Ramadhan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Nabi menuturkan, “Jika memasuki bulan Ramadhan, maka semua pintu langit dibuka, dan pintu-pintu neraka Jahannam ditutup, sementara syaitan dibelenggu.” (HR al-Bukhari, Muslim, an-Nasai dan Ibn Hibban). Tidak hanya itu, pahala perbuatan baik di bulan Ramadhan juga dilipatgandakan oleh Allah. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Melakukan satu amalan sunnah, pahalanya sama dengan amalan fardhu di bulan lain. Melakukan satu amalan fardhu, nilainya dilipatgandakan menjadi 70 kali di bulan lain. Karena itu, Nabi menggunakan bulan ini untuk melipatgandakan amal shalih. Dalam riwayat Ibn ‘Abbas, dituturkan, bahwa Nabi adalah orang paling dermawan, dan lebih dermawan lagi ketika bulan Ramadhan, saat Jibril menemui baginda ﷺ untuk mengecek hapalan al-Qur’an baginda ﷺ.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Wajar jika Nabi pun memerintahkan wanita kaum Anshar untuk pergi berumrah di bulan Ramadhan. Dituturkan dari Ibn ‘Abbas, Nabi pernah bersabda, “Jika tiba bulan Ramadhan, maka berumrahlan kamu, karena umrah di bulan itu sama pahalanya dengan haji.” </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Karena itu pula, para sahabat dan generasi kaum Muslim setelahnya menjadikan bulan Ramadhan ini sebagai bulan jihad, selain karena perintah berjihad fi sabilillah itu diturunkan pada bulan Ramadhan, juga banyak sekali kemenangan yang ingin mereka raih di bulan suci ini, karena taqarrub mereka kepada Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tercatatlah sejumlah peristiwa penting pada bulan Ramadhan. Tujuh belas bulan setelah Hijrah, Nabi mengirim detasemen Hamzah yang membawa bendera pertama yang diserahkan oleh baginda ﷺ. Detasemen ini dikirim untuk menghadang rombongan kaum Quraisy yang datang dari Syam menuju ke Makkah. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Perang Badar Kubra yang disebut dalam al-Qur’an sebagai Yaum al-Furqan (Hari Pembeda) meletus pada Hari Jum’at, 17 Ramadhan 2 H. Jumlah pasukan kaum Muslim saat itu hanya 313, terdiri dari 1 menunggang kuda, sisanya jalan kaki. Tercatat 14 di antara mereka sebagai syuhada’ Badr. Sementara pasukan kaum Kafir Quraisy berjumlah 1000 orang; 80 orang pasukan berkuda, sisanya jalan kaki; 70 orang gugur, 70 lainnya menjadi tawanan perang. Dalam peristiwa ini, pasukan kaum Muslim dibantu oleh 5000 malaikat (Q.s. Ali ‘Imran [03]: 125).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Di bulan suci ini pula, Rasulullah dan para sahabat berhasil menaklukkan kota Makkah, tepatnya pada bulan Ramadhan 8 H. Penaklukan kota Makkah ini juga disebut penaklukan agung (al-fath al-a’dham). Kaum Kafir Quraisy pun berbondong-bondong masuk Islam, termasuk Abu Sufyan dan para pemuka Kafir Quraisy. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pada saat itulah, turun perintah untuk menghancurkan berhala dari sekitar Ka’bah. Karena itu, bulan Ramadhan juga dikenal sebagai syahru al-jihad wa al-intishar (bulan Jihad dan Kemenangan).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">/ Kiat-kiat Sukses Ramadhan /</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dengan mengetahui nilai dan keutamaan bulan Ramadhan ini, maka seorang Muslim yang sadar, tidak akan menyia-nyiakan sedikitpun kesempatan di bulan suci ini. Inilah kunci sukses meraih kemuliaan di bulan Ramadhan, yaitu mengerti nilai dan keutamaan bulan ini. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dengan begitu, dia tahu apa yang harus diraih. Sekedar contoh, jika 1 perbuatan wajib nilainya 70 kali perbuatan wajib di luar bulan Ramadhan, maka jika dikalkulasi dalam 1 hari ada 5 kali shalat dan 1 puasa, berarti 6 perbuatan wajib dikalikan 70, sama dengan 420. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam sehari saja, minimal seorang Muslim akan mendapatkan pahala setara dengan 420 perbuatan wajib di luar bulan Ramadhan. Jika nilai ini dikalikan 30 hari, maka dia akan mendapatkan 12,600 kali perbuatan wajib. Itu baru 6 kali perbuatan wajib, lalu bagaimana kalau dia berdakwah, yang nota bene hukumnya wajib? Pasti pahalanya lebih banyak lagi. Belum lagi kalau ditambah dengan perbuatan sunah.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Nah, kesadaran inilah yang harus dimiliki tiap Muslim, sehingga dia tidak akan menyia-nyiakan sedikitpun kesempatan emas di bulan suci ini. Lalu bagaimana kiat-kiat kita agar sukses meraih seluruh kemulian di bulan ini?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">/ Pertama /, selain menyadari kemuliaan bulan ini, dia harus menyadari bahwa sebagai manusia yang tidak bebas dari dosa (ma’shum), Ramadhan adalah kesempatan emas untuk meraih ampunan dan melipatgandakan amal shalih. Karena inilah bekal untuk menghadap Allah pada Hari Kiamat. Kesadaran ini harus tumbuh kokoh dalam diri kita, sebagai satu-satunya motivasi amal kita.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">/ Kedua /, untuk meraih semuanya tadi, setiap Muslim harus mempunyai program pribadi selama Ramadhan, antara lain:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">1) Taubatan nashuha: Taubatan nashuha adalah taubat dengan melepaskan diri dari dosa, menyesalinya dan tidak mengulanginya kembali, diikuti dengan kesungguhan melakukan amal shalih yang dilandasi keimanan. Jika ada hak orang lain yang terkait dengan materi atau non-materi, maka harus segera dikembalikan, atau minta dihalalkan. Karena itu, taubat ini menjadi poin pertama, dan pondasi program-program berikutnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">2) Menjaga pendengaran, lisan dan mata dari perkara yang diharamkan, baik di siang hari maupun di malam hari bulan Ramadhan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">3) Menjaga amalan-amalan sunah dan nafilah.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">4) Menjaga shalat rawatib (5 waktu) berjamaah di masjid.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">5) Berkeingan kuat untuk menjadi saksi adzan, iqamat, takbiratul ihram bersama imam, dan berdiri di baris terdepan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">6) Menjaga shalat Tarawih, shalat syaf’ (shalat 2-10 rakaat) sebelum witir, dan witir. Biasanya shalat Tarawih dilakukan 20 rakaat, atau 10 rakaat, kemudian dilanjutkan malam harinya dengan 2-10 rakaat, kemudian ditutup dengan witir 1 rakaat, atau 2-8 rakaat, kemudian witir 3 rakaat.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">7) Menjaga qiyamullail.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">8) Membaca minimal 1 juz tiap hari.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">9) Menghapal sebagian ayat al-Qur’an tiap hari.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">10) Menghapal satu hadits atau lebih tiap hari.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">11) Silaturrahmi kepada kerabat.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">12) Bergaul dengan kaum Muslim dan mengetahui keadaan mereka.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">13) Dzikir dan mengingat Allah serta mensucikannya setiap waktu, disertai menjaga dzikir waktu Subuh dan petang.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">14) Berinfaq suka rela dengan memberi makan satu atau lebih orang yang berpuasa tiap hari, meski hanya dengan satu buah kurma.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">15) Mengutamakan bersedekah kepada fakir miskin atau orang yang membutuhkan setiap hari, meski dengan kadar yang paling minim sekalipun.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">16) Menjaga shalat Dhuha setiap hari.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">17) Melakukan shalat dua rakaat setelah berwudhu’.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">18) Menghadiri majlis ilmu.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">19) Mempelajari minimal satu bab fiqih setiap hari.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">20) Membaca ringkasan Sirah Nabi dan Akidah.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">21) Berusaha mendamaikan atau menyelesaikan urusan orang yang bermasalah.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">22) Berdoa saat berbuka sebagaimana doa yang diajarkan Nabi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">23) Dermawan dan membantu orang lain.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">24) Berdakwah kepada Allah, amar makruf dan nahi munkar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">25) Menolong kaum Muslim yang berjihad di manapun.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">26) Menyegerakan buka, dan mengakhirkan sahur.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">27) Berbakti kepada kedua orang tua, baik yang masih ada, maupun telah tiada.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">28) Melakukan i’tikaf pada sepuluh terakhir di bulan Ramadhan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">29) Melaksanakan umrah, karena umrah di bulan Ramadhan sama sekali haji bersama Rasulullah ﷺ.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">30) Menjaga pelaksanaan shalat Idul Fitri bersama kaum Muslim.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">31) Berpuasa 6 hari bulan Syawal, atau Ayyam al-Bidh.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">/ Ketiga /, meski telah dibuat program, namun dalam praktiknya, kadang-kadang program tersebut, karena satu dan lain hal, tidak berjalan sesuai dengan rencana. Untuk itu diperlukan langkah berikutnya, yaitu kesungguhan dalam menjalankan program-program yang telah dibuat. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Jika sudah ada kesungguhan, tetapi masih tidak bisa berjalan karena ada prioritas pekerjaan lain, maka bisa dibuat substitusi, yaitu program pengganti, agar nilai yang ingin diraih melalui amal yang tidak bisa dijalankan tersebut bisa digantikan dengan yang lain.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">/ Keempat /, menjadikan malam hari, sebagai malam muhasabah (evaluasi) dan takhthith (perencanaan). Yang dievaluasi adalah apa yang telah dikerjakan dan diperoleh selama sehari, dan apa yang bisa dan harus diraihnya besok. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ini dilakukan setelah melaksanakan shalat syaf’i dan witir. Dengan begitu, dia akan menatap agenda harinya esok dengan mantap dan jelas, tanpa ragu. Untuk memudahkan evaluasi dan perencanaan, bisa dibuat daftar pengecekan yang berisi poin-poin aktivitas di atas.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Inilah beberapa kiat sukses untuk mendapatkan kemuliaan di bulan suci Ramadhan, agar tak satu pun kesempatan emas di dalamnya terbuang sia-sia.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Sumber: </b>http://www.syahidah.web.id/2011/07/kiat-sukses-ramadhan.html</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">fb.com/MuslimahNewsID</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-27926379370988013762021-04-11T08:19:00.002-07:002021-04-11T08:21:13.921-07:00REVIEW JURNAL: Corporate Governance Quality Of Islamic Banks: Measurement And Effect On Financial Performance<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOw5a0U1QDmdWpIatHc81gaQBmh8afF25pPpxqoiw_HIIHBDvSX3ONiC90MLNmMCFT9XvGdd0UKABFmKiFjpg9vMpV9pwTshAIO8mX-TiOzs1F1it98JZELhNJhGm1GbofJQ-fs569R5E/s900/sukuk-1000x500.jpg_1501134516.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="900" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOw5a0U1QDmdWpIatHc81gaQBmh8afF25pPpxqoiw_HIIHBDvSX3ONiC90MLNmMCFT9XvGdd0UKABFmKiFjpg9vMpV9pwTshAIO8mX-TiOzs1F1it98JZELhNJhGm1GbofJQ-fs569R5E/w640-h398/sukuk-1000x500.jpg_1501134516.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Reviewer:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Rendra Fahrurrozie, Khaerud Dawam</i></b><br />Magister Ekonomi Syariah - IAI Tazkia</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: .4pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Corporate Governance Quality Of</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islamic Banks:
Measurement And</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Effect On Financial Performance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: .4pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Hana Ajili and Abdelfettah
Bouri, 201</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 51.45pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jurnal ini menilai
pengukuran kualitas <i>Corporate Governance</i> (CG) <i>Islamic Bank</i> (IB) dan
pengaruhnya terhadap kinerja keuangan. Pada bagian terapan dari studi ini, terdapat
sampel dari 44 (empat puluh empat) <i>Islamic Bank</i> yang beroperasi di Bahrain,
Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Uni Emirat Arab dan Kerajaan Arab Saudi yang
menginvestigasi dari informasi yang disediakan oleh situs web Bank Sentral Nasional
dari <i>Gulf Cooperation Council</i> (GCC). Untuk mengukur kualitas tata kelola
tersebut, CG-index dibangun berdasarkan tiga sub-indeks yaitu <i>Board of
Directors</i> (BOD), <i>Audit Committees</i> (AC) dan <i>Shariah Supervisory
Board</i> (SSB).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam konsep
CG tidak jauh berbeda dengan konsep konvensional yakni pada suatu sistem dimana
perusahaan diarahkan dan dikendalikan dengan tujuan untuk melindungi semua
pemangku kepentingan. Sementara kerangka kerja CG bergantung pada perkembangan
sistem hukum, dan lingkungan peraturan dan kelembagaan, CG dalam sistem
perbankan Islam dipandang sebagai konsep yang berbeda dari pemerintahan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">T</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">idak
dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">disangkal
adanya mekanisme CG khas untuk sistem perbankan syariah yaitu <i>Shariah</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Supervisory Board</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (SSB)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Dewan ini mengambil tanggung
jawab untuk memastikan kepatuhan transaksi dan operasi dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islamic
Financial Law</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IFL</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. SSB sebagai badan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">independen ahli hukum khusus dalam
yurisprudensi komersial Islam dan ahli dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">keuangan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">AAOIFI,
2010 ). Sayangnya, karena kontroversi antara peneliti yang menilai CG di IB mirip</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dengan bank konvensional dan
peneliti yang melihat CG di IB berbeda dengan CG konvensional, CG di IB tetap sulit dipahami dan penilaian kualitasnya perlu
diteliti lebih dalam. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh karena itu, karya ini
dimaksudkan untuk meninjau kembali CG untuk pada perdebatan tentang perbankan Islam dan menjelaskan lebih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">jauh tentang konsep CG. Selain itu, meskipun terdapat banyak penelitian empiris tentang dampak CG
terhadap kinerja perusahaan di berbagai negara, hanya sedikit informasi yang tersedia tentang CG
dan kinerja perbankan Islam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena
peningkatan tajam baru-baru ini dalam jumlah dan perluasan geografis bank berdasarkan IFL hingga menampilkan diri mereka sebagai pesaing serius bagi yang
konvensional, penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk memperluas penelitian sebelumnya terhadap
pengembangan indeks CG teoritis untuk menilai tata kelola atau kualitas IB yang beroperasi
di negara-negara Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) dan untuk mengevaluasi dampak kualitas CG mereka terhadap
kinerja keuangan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jurnal ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
secara teoritis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
upaya untuk berkontribusi pada literatur yang ada tentang efektivitas CG. Lebih lanjut, investigasi empiris
mengungkapkan bahwa IB di negara-negara GCC tampaknya lebih tertarik pada efektivitas SSB dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pada mekanisme <i>The Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development</i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">OECD</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">CG</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">konvensional. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jurnal ini
diharapkan Ajili, bahwa penemuannya dapat berfungsi sebagai bukti kebutuhan
menilai kembali keefektifan mekanisme CG. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">METODE</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> PENELITIAN</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hipotesis dari penelitian ini adalah,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">H1: Kinerja
keuangan <i>Islamic Bank</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
memililiki hubungan yang signifikan secara positif terhadap kualitas CG. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">H2: Kinerja
keuangan <i>Islamic Bank</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
memililiki hubungan yang signifikan secara positif terhadap efektivitas Dewan
Direktur.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">H3: Kinerja
keuangan <i>Islamic Bank</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
memililiki hubungan yang signifikan secara positif terhadap efektivitas Komite
Audit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">H4: Kinerja
keuangan <i>Islamic Bank</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
memililiki hubungan yang signifikan secara positif terhadap efektivitas </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Shariah</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Supervisory Board</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Dewan
Pengawas Syariah)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam jurnal ini, peneliti
mengungkapkan bahwa menguji risetnya dalam rentang waktu antara 2010-2014 (5
tahun) mengenai kualitas CG di GCC <i>Islamic Bank</i> terutama berhubungan
dengan kinerja keuangannya. Sektor keuangan Islam ini menarik dari pada
pendekatan keuangan Barat, menarik bagi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lebih
banyak perhatian para pembuat kebijakan, otoritas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">moneter, investor dan akademisi
karena</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lebih
berkeadilan dan efektif</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengumpulan
data untuk penelitian ini berhenti di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tahun
fiskal 2014 karena itu adalah tahun terakhir di mana datanya tersedia.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Studi ini mengandalkan data dari
laporan tahunan versi bahasa Inggris yang tersedia di situs</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">web</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">resmi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> IB</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.
Sebanyak 44 IB diidentifikasi sesuai dengan informasi yang diberikan oleh bank</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sentral</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">nasional dari negara yang diteliti.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">enelitian
ini tidak dapat menggunakan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">metode </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tobi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Q sebagai ukuran kinerja</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bank</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
karena tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">semua
IB dalam sampel ini terdaftar di bursa efek. Oleh karena itu, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">gunakan <i>return on assets </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ROA</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
dan <i>return on equity</i> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ROE</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> sebagai variabel dependen untuk
mengukur kinerja keuangan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menghitung
ROA sebagai pendapatan bersih dibagi dengan total aset dan ROE</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pendapatan bersih bank dibagi dengan
pemegang saham ekuitas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam jurnal Ajili ini, menghasilkan kesimpulan dari regresi multiple ROA
dan ROE yang dapat disajikan sebagai hasil dari pengukurannya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islamic Bank</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> di negara GCC lebih tertarik pada efektivitas SSB (Dewan Pengawas
Syariah) dari pada efektivitas BOD (Dewan Direktur) atau AC (Komite Audit).
Oleh karena itu, kualitas SSB menjadi mekanisme tata kelola utama IB. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">SSB di GCC IB memainkan lebih banyak peran penasihat daripada sebagai
pengawas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BOD baik secara kemandirian atau dualitas dan aktivitas tidak ada
pengaruh pada kinerja IB.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">CG tidak ada pengaruh dengan kinerja yang tinggi di GCC IB.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Komite Audit (AC) independen maupun ukurannya tidak ada pengaruh dengan
kinerja IB.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari hasil temuan penelitian empiris ini, peneliti berharap bahwa
temuannya dapat bermanfaat bagi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">para
pemangku kepentingan IB,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">investor
dan pembuat kebijakan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam penelitian yang lain, ditemukan bahwa Komite Audit (AC) yakni yang
mengurusi manajemen resiko juga memberikan pengaruh yang penting dalam kinerja
Bank Syariah di GCC selain SSB </span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">(Samir Srairi, 2015). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Samir, bahwa dorongan untuk meningkatkan
praktik tata kelola (GC) dengan mengadopsi standar yang dikeluarkan oleh AAOFI
dan <i>the Islamic financial services boards</i> (IFSB) di negara GCC telah
diregulasi oleh pemerintah. Maka hal ini selaras dengan Ajili dan Bouri bahwa
SSB pengaruhnya signifikan secara positif, sebab pengembangan praktik tata
kelola yang kuat akan memenangkan kepercayaan publik dan meningkatkan
kepercayaan di antara investor, pemegang saham dan pihak lain berurusan dengan
bank syariah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terbukti
pada krisis keuangan global pada tahun 2008, yang teruji secara empiris dan
terukur bahwa IB di GCC lebih baik dalam pengembalian aset dan pendapatan
operasional terhadap total aset secara signifikan lebih tinggi di bank syariah
dibandingkan dengan bank non-syariah di kawasan GCC, hal ini karena perilaku
manajemen risiko yang lebih hati-hati dan solvabilitas yang lebih tinggi
daripada bank non-Islam<span style="color: #1f497d; mso-themecolor: text2;"> (</span></span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">Chazi, A.,
Khallaf, A., & Zantout, Z, 2018).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam penelitian yang lain yang mendukung temuan Ajili, bahwa
SSB memiliki peran pengaruh yang positif mempengaruhi kinerja bank syariah di
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), tingkat pendidikan anggota SSB dikatakan bahwa <i>“postgraduate
degrees and religious grades have significant effects on profitability” </i><span style="color: #1f497d; mso-themecolor: text2;">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">Musibah</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">Alfattani</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">2014).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Musibah (2014) mengatakan bahwa SSB penting
karena dua alasan. <i>Pertama, </i>nasabah bank syariah ingin memastikan bahwa
urusan uang mereka sesuai dengan hukum Islam. <i>Kedua,</i> akhlak Islam akan
memotivasi umat Islam untuk berperilaku etis terhadap keuangan mereka. Sehingga
peran nasihat dari SSB ini penting agar nasabah dapat nyaman dalam keuangannya
karena sesuai prinsip Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam temuan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">Nomran</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">Haron</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;"> (2018)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dengan meneliti kinerja IB di negara Asia
Tenggara dan GCC bahwa <i>“SSBs positively affect multi-bank performance in
Southeast Asia while its effect is absent for GCC.” </i>Akan tetapi pada: “<i>BoD
has a significant association with low ZOE (</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zakat on </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">quity</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">) for IBs in both regions”. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jadi, implikasinya pada temuan ini adalah bagi
regulator di kedua wilayah, SSB harus diberikan kewenangan nyata untuk memantau
Direksi. SSB harus diberikan kebebasan nyata dan kekuatan pemantauan membatasi
Direksi agar tidak menyimpang dari praktik Syariah di semua aktivitas IB,
seperti temuan bahwa Direksi harus membayar Zakat yang diwajibkan di IB.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menarik
pada jurnal </span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2;">Hakimi et.al (2018), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang juga mendukung temuan Ajili akan tetapi yang
diteliti adalah hanya pada negara Bahrain. Bahwa SSB memiliki pengaruh tehadap
kinerja IB, ditambahkan dengan SSB itu harus memperhatikan kualitas dewan
(SSB). Hakimi mengatakan: <i>“In this study, only board duality, board size and
Shariah board size exert a positive impact on bank performance.” </i>Dengan
demikian menyiratkan bahwa bank-bank Islam Bahrain harus memberikan perhatian
lebih dengan pilihan sarjana ahli di bidang keuangan dan akuntansi termasuk
jumlah total sarjana pada Dewan Syariah.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jurnal ini menilai
pengukuran kualitas <i>Corporate Governance</i> (CG) <i>Islamic Bank</i> (IB) dan
pengaruhnya terhadap kinerja keuangan. Pada bagian terapan dari studi ini, terdapat
sampel dari 44 (empat puluh empat) <i>Islamic Bank</i> yang beroperasi di Bahrain,
Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Uni Emirat Arab dan Kerajaan Arab Saudi yang
menginvestigasi dari informasi yang disediakan oleh situs web Bank Sentral Nasional
dari <i>Gulf Cooperation Council</i> (GCC). Untuk mengukur kualitas tata kelola
tersebut, CG-index dibangun berdasarkan tiga sub-indeks yaitu <i>Board of
Directors</i> (BOD), <i>Audit Committees</i> (AC) dan <i>Shariah Supervisory Board</i>
(SSB).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
temuannya bahwa <i>Islamic Bank</i> di negara GCC lebih tertarik pada
efektivitas SSB (Dewan Pengawas Syariah) dari pada efektivitas BOD (Dewan
Direktur) atau AC (Komite Audit). Oleh karena itu, kualitas SSB menjadi
mekanisme tata kelola utama IB. Temuan ini diperkuat oleh temuan lain yang
mendukung Ajili dan Bouri ini, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Komite
Audit (AC) yakni yang mengurusi manajemen resiko juga memberikan pengaruh yang
penting dalam kinerja Bank Syariah di GCC selain SSB. SSB akan memrikan nasihat
kepada BOD untuk terus menjalankan IB sesuai dengan syariah termasuk membayar
zakat. Dalam penelitian yang lain, untuk meningkatkan kinerja CG agar sesuai
standar AAOFI dan IFL perlu juga memperhatikan kualitas dari anggota SSB,
temasuk juga ukurannya agar dapat mengawasi dan menasihati BOD, selain akan
memberikan kepuasan pada nasabah juga akan memberikan kekuatan keuangan IB yang
terbukti tahan terhadap krisis dengan mampu </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lebih baik dalam pengembalian aset dan pendapatan
operasional terhadap total aset secara signifikan lebih tinggi di bank syariah
dibandingkan dengan bank non-syariah di kawasan GCC.<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.35pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">REFERENSI <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ajili, H., & Bouri, A. (2018).
Corporate governance quality of Islamic banks: measurement and effect on
financial performance. <i>International Journal of Islamic and middle
eastern finance and management</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Chazi, A., Khallaf, A., &
Zantout, Z. (2018). Corporate governance and bank performance: Islamic versus
non-Islamic banks in GCC countries. <i>The Journal of Developing Areas</i>, <i>52</i>(2),
109-126.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hakimi, A., Rachdi, H., Mokni, R. B.
S., & Hssini, H. (2018). Do board characteristics affect bank performance?
Evidence from the Bahrain Islamic banks. <i>Journal of Islamic Accounting
and Business Research</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Musibah, A. S., & Alfattani, W.
S. B. W. Y. (2014). The mediating effect of financial performance on the
relationship between Shariah supervisory board effectiveness, intellectual
capital and corporate social responsibility, of Islamic banks in Gulf
Cooperation Council countries. <i>Asian Social Science</i>, <i>10</i>(17),
139.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nomran, N. M., & Haron, R.
(2019). Dual board governance structure and multi-bank performance: a
comparative analysis between Islamic banks in Southeast Asia and GCC
countries. <i>Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business
in Society</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Srairi, S. (2015). Corporate
governance disclosure practices and performance of Islamic banks in GCC
countries. <i>Journal of Islamic Finance</i>, <i>4</i>(2).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-26100177766825691792021-04-09T23:22:00.004-07:002021-04-09T23:23:31.937-07:00Review Journal Ekonomi Islam: Deposits Structure, Ownership Concentration and Corporate Governance Disclosure in GCC Islamic Banks<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxEARghulSVWPaPU_WvMVRJI0zutrRqpsBWukN_m1QCAgQYim4h0Beq4UqHNLTI_4aT8OMZRqE24pQfp_R4ueTLia5hAyBJWf9IRXhouw9zzC2b3mBS_svD77HPm9FF_xSQiCZjR9dxkA//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="715" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxEARghulSVWPaPU_WvMVRJI0zutrRqpsBWukN_m1QCAgQYim4h0Beq4UqHNLTI_4aT8OMZRqE24pQfp_R4ueTLia5hAyBJWf9IRXhouw9zzC2b3mBS_svD77HPm9FF_xSQiCZjR9dxkA/w640-h268/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 97%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 1.2pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Reviewer:</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: .4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b>Khaerud Dawam, </b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Rendra
Fahrurrozie </b><br />Institut Agama Islam Tazkia - Magister Ekonomi Syariah<br /><br /><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 15.52px; margin: 0.15pt 1.2pt 10pt 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 20.6933px;"><b>Judul:</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 15.52px; margin: 0.15pt 1.2pt 10pt 1.7pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 20.6933px;"><b>Deposits Structure, Ownership Concentration and Corporate Governance Disclosure in GCC Islamic Banks</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 20.6933px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Empirical evidence (Rihab Grassa, 2018)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .8pt; margin-right: 2.3pt; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ini adalah review jurnal yang
berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deposits Structure, Ownership
Concentrationand Corporate Governance Disclosure in GCC Islamic Banks:
Empirical evidence </i>yang ditulis oleh (Grassa, 2018). Jurnal yang ditulis
menyelidiki tentang pengaruh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">struktur
simpanan dan struktur kepemilikan terhadap praktik pengungkapan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">corporate good<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>governance </i>(CGD) bank syariah di
negara-negara Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.35pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Studi ini menerapkan transparansi
penilaian dan pengungkapan Standard and Poor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(S&P)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Standard & Poor's, 2004) untuk
mengidentifikasi penilaian CGD bank</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam,menggunakan
sampel dari 38 bank Islam di lima negara GCC (Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saudi dan UEA) selama periode 2006 hingga
2011. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.35pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Grassa memilah indeks pengungkapan
CGD secara keseluruhan menjadi tiga sub</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kategori yaitu:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Struktur
kepemilikan dan sub-indeks hak investor (OSIR) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sub-indeks
transparansi keuangan dan pengungkapan informasi ( FTID)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Board structure dan process sub-index </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(BSP).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan demikian, studi ini
dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menentukan dampak faktor penentu
terhadap CGD secara keseluruhan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.05pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Grassa menemukan skor CDG yang
lebih rendah pada bank syariah dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">konsentrasi
kepemilikan yang lebih tinggi; pada bank syariah dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">leverage; </i>dan pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bank syariah dengan konsentrasi rekening investasi
nirlaba (PSIA) yang lebih besar. Studi ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">juga menemukan bahwa tingkat CGD
lebih tinggi untuk bank syariah dengan konsentrasi PSIA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lebih besar, kategori bank yang
lebih besar, usia bank yang lebih lama berdirinya, bank publik dan indeks
transparansi negara. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara keseluruhan, studi ini
berkontribusi pada pembahasan praktik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengungkapan CGD bank syariah di lima negara di negara-negara GCC
tersebut,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meskipun Grassa tidak
memasukkan negara-negara Timur Tengah lainnya dan negara negara lain yang mayoritas
Muslim di Asia dan Afrika. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artikel ini tidak mudah dibaca
karena Grassa tidak secara jelas mendefinisikan terminologi utama seperti
struktur simpanan, konsentrasi kepemilikan, dan pengungkapan tata kelola
perusahaan yang tidak didefinisikan dengan jelas. Selain itu, ada banyak
singkatan di seluruh teks, yang tidak didefinisikan diawal. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MATERIAL DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada
tiga hipotesis yang akan diuji dalam penelitian ini: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">GCC
Bank syariah dengan jumlah pemegang blok yang lebih rendah memiliki
tingkat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CGD informasi yang lebih tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemegang
saham terbesar secara negatif memengaruhi tingkat informasi CGD yang lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tinggi. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 5.9pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bank
syariah dengan ra</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">io
PSIA yang lebih tinggi memiliki tingkat informasi CGD yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih tinggi. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .85pt; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk memberikan bukti empiris penelitian
tersebut, Grassa mengkaji laporan tahunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>38 bank syariah dari periode 2006 hingga 2011. Ia menerapkan analisis
isi untuk mengukur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skor CGD
masing-masing bank berdasarkan laporan tahunannya. Dia tidak mengacu pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teknik analisis konten khusus yang dia
gunakan untuk tujuan ini. Dia harus menyebutkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sumber pengetahuan untuk analisis konten seperti Shelley dan Krippendorf
(1984). Dia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menerapkan 98 item skor yang
dikembangkan oleh Standard & Poor's (Standard & Poor's,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2004), namun dia tidak memberikan referensi
pada daftar referensi untuk diteliti lebih lanjut oleh pembaca. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Grassa
kemudian membagi 98 skor CGD menjadi: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.15pt; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">28
item sub-indeks struktur kepemilikan dan hak investor (OSIR). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.15pt; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">35
item sub-indeks transparansi keuangan dan keterbukaan informasi (FTID).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.15pt; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">35
item dari struktur Dewan. dan proses stub-index (BSP). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Skor
dari setiap item<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditambahkan dan diberi
bobot yang sama untuk menghasilkan skor akhir untuk setiap bank<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>syariah. Selanjutnya, Grassa menguji hubungan
antara tingkat CGD dan subkategori tata kelola perusahaan (OSIR, FTID dan BSP).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 3.1pt; margin-top: 1.35pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain itu, Grassa juga menguji
pengaruh variabel independen terhadap variabel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dependen dengan variabel kontrol, dengan mengembangkan empat model
regresi berganda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Variabel terikat
adalah CGD, OSIR, FTID dan BSP.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 3.15pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Variabel independen meliputi 1)
jumlah pemegang blokir (BLOK), 2) persentase total<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ekuitas yang dimiliki oleh pemegang saham
terbesar untuk masing-masing bank di setiap tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Highest_sh), dan 3) rasio jumlah simpanan
yang mengambil bagian dalam kategori laba.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berbagi akun investasi (PSIA) ke total aset (PSIA). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 7.35pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Variabel kontrol meliputi 1) rasio
total simpanan yang berlangganan dalam kategori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>giro dan non-investasi dibagi dengan total aset (Non_PSIA), 2)
Pendapatan bersih / total aset<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ROA), 3)
Hutang jangka panjang / total aset (LEVERAGE), 4) Logaritma natural dari
total<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aset (BANKSIZE), 5) Bank age
(BKAGE), 6) indeks pengungkapan berkisar dari 0 hingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10, dengan nilai yang lebih tinggi
menunjukkan lebih banyak pengungkapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(COUTRANSDEX), 7) apakah bank terdaftar di pasar saham (1 jika
terdaftar, o jika tidak)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(LIST), 8)
periode pasca krisis (I untuk pasca krisis, 0 jika tidak) (CRISIS), dan 9) spesifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>negara (1 untuk negara yang bersangkutan , 0
sebaliknya) (COUNTRY).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.15pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 4.6pt; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penelitian ini secara parsial
mendukung hipotesis 1 yang menyatakan bahwa bank</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">syariah GCC dengan jumlah pemegang
blokir yang lebih rendah memiliki tingkat informasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CGD yang lebih tinggi. Grassa menemukan bahwa
pada konsentrasi kepemilikan, terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>hubungan negatif antara jumlah pemegang blok dan struktur kepemilikan
dengan CGD. Hal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tersebut
menunjukkan bahwa studi tersebut mendukung teori keagenan yang menyatakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bahwa semakin banyak pemegang
blokir akan menurunkan CGD karena pemegang blok dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempengaruhi arah bank. Meskipun penelitian
menyebutkan dukungan terhadap hipotesis 1,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">penelitian ini tidak menjelaskan
bagian mana dari hipotesis yang tidak didukung. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 22.65pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.7pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada hipotesis 2, Grassa
berpendapat bahwa pemegang saham terbesar secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>negatif memengaruhi tingkat informasi CGD
yang lebih tinggi. Studi ini menemukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara CGD dan struktur kepemilikan hak
investor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(OSIR) pada tingkat kepercayaan
10%. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75pt; margin-right: 10.35pt; margin-top: 1.55pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Akhirnya, temuan tersebut mendukung
hipotesis 3, yaitu bank syariah dengan ra</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">io<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PSIA yang lebih tinggi memiliki tingkat
informasi CGD yang lebih tinggi. Grassa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menemukan hubungan positif antara akun investasi bagi hasil (PSIA) dan
indeks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengungkapan CGD, sub indeks
struktur kepemilikan dan hak investor (OSIR), sub-indeks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transparansi keuangan dan pengungkapan
informasi (FTID), dan struktur dewan dan indeks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>stub proses (BSP). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 143%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .85pt; margin-right: 6.0pt; margin-top: 6.65pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 143%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara keseluruhan, Grassa telah
mencapai tujuannya dalam menyelidiki pengaruh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>struktur simpanan dan struktur kepemilikan terhadap praktik pengungkapan
tata kelola<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perusahaan (CGD) bank
syariah di negara-negara Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Artikel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini menemukan lebih detail tentang determinan
CGD di lima negara GCC yang sedang diteliti. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oleh karena itu, ia berkontribusi dalam
pembahasan tata kelola perusahaan bank syariah. Ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beberapa perbaikan yang dapat dilakukan dalam
cara penyajian makalah dengan memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>definisi yang lebih jelas tentang konsep utama yang diteliti. Artikel
ini memiliki terlalu banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>singkatan
yang membingungkan sehingga sulit untuk dipahami. Bahkan, Grassa memiliki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>singkatan dari “CPD” yang disebutkan dalam
temuan, tetapi tidak dijelaskan atau disebutkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>di bagian lain artikel. Hal ini membuat interpretasi dari temuan
tersebut membingungkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terakhir, Grassa
tidak memasukkan salah satu referensi utamanya, yaitu indeks literatur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Standard & Poor's.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.35pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">REFERENSI <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .85pt; margin-right: 2.9pt; margin-top: 27.4pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Grassa, R. (2018), <i>“Deposits
structure, ownership concentration and corporate governance disclosure<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in GCC Islamic banks: Empirical evidence”,</i>
Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 587–606. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .8pt; margin-right: 2.9pt; margin-top: 14.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Shelley, M. and Krippendorff, K.
(1984), <i>“Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology.”,</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Journal of the American Statistical
Association, available at:https://doi.org/10.2307/2288384. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .8pt; margin-right: 2.6pt; margin-top: 13.95pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Standard & Poor’s. (2004), <i>Standard
& Poor’s Corporate Governance Scores and Evaluations: Criteria,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Methodology And Definitions, McGraw-Hill
Companies Inc., New York</i>, available at: http://leeds
faculty.colorado.edu/grossd/MBAX 6260 FI Spring 2019/Readings/S&P Corporate
Governance<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scores.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-8362333219125369622020-10-24T17:51:00.003-07:002020-10-24T18:01:09.119-07:00AKAD SALAM WORTEL GRADE A PT. JAYA XXX DAN TINJAUAN FIKIHNYA<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLLFXiGqS5Pf7g4pc_oTwiRdGBa-pTgpXx-pjU51_XtgX-yPtqQnakipyN3Qz116xgJs-B84-8MCQsAqtuuK1b2FV2dWUZvcj4omjOGxKzcygtSTayd0zyqLXI_MernhU1anJFHz8VeOk//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="700" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLLFXiGqS5Pf7g4pc_oTwiRdGBa-pTgpXx-pjU51_XtgX-yPtqQnakipyN3Qz116xgJs-B84-8MCQsAqtuuK1b2FV2dWUZvcj4omjOGxKzcygtSTayd0zyqLXI_MernhU1anJFHz8VeOk/w640-h360/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh: Rendra Fahrurrozie, S.Pd<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MES Institut Tazkia | NIM: 2020405016<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><a href="mailto:2005.rendra.016@student.tazkia.ac.id?subject=Tugas%20Fiqh%20Muamalah%20MES%20Tazkia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2005.rendra.016@student.tazkia.ac.id</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A. Definisi
Salam<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata
Salam dan Salaf mempunyai satu makna secara bahasa, yaitu <i>pesanan</i>.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Secara
syariat, menurut Syamsuddin Abu Abdillah Muhammad bin Qasim dalam kitab <i>Fath
Al-Qarib<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></i>,
Salam adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthman Taha Naskh"; mso-hansi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthman Taha Naskh";">بَيْعُ
شَيْئٍ مَوْصُوْفٍ فِيْ الذِّمَّةِ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya: <i>“Menjual sesuatu (barang) yang telah di tetapkan dengan
sifat dalam tanggungan (hutang/jaminan)”. <o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terdapat
pengertian lain, Yusuf As Sabatin dalam bukunya <i>Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah</i> bahwa
jual-beli salam adalah jual beli barang dengan spesifikasi yang dijamin sampai
tempo tertentu dengan sesuatu yang dibayar kontan.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hal
serupa pengertian ini oleh Dr. Erwandi Tarmizi, MA dalam bukunya Harta Haram
Muamalat Kontemporer (HHMK), bahwa salam adalah jual beli <i>(bay’)</i> barang
dengan cara indent (tempo), uang yang diserahkan tunai dimuka dan barang
diserahkan nanti pada waktu yang disepakati.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B. Dalil
Jual Beli Salam (Bay’ as-Salam)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pertama:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ibnu Abbas r.a berkata, “Aku bersaksi bahwa salaf yang dijamin sampai
tempo tertentu telah dihalalkan dan diizinkan oleh Allah di dalam Kitab-Nya.”
Kemudian ia membaca firman Allah SWT:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";">يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ
ءَامَنُوٓاْ إِذَا تَدَايَنتُم بِدَيۡنٍ إِلَىٰٓ أَجَلٖ مُّسَمّٗى فَٱكۡتُبُوهُۚ
٢٨٢ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya: <i>“Hai orang-orang yang beriman, apabila kamu
bermu´amalah tidak secara tunai untuk waktu yang ditentukan, hendaklah kamu
menuliskannya.”</i> <b>(QS. Al-Baqarah: 282).</b><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kedua:
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Bukhari dan Muslim meriwayatkan bahwa Nabi <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ﷺ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> bersabda:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">مَنْ أَسْلَفَ
فَلْيُسْلِفَ فِيْ كَيْلٍ مَعْلُوْمٍ وَوَزَنٍ مَعْلُوْمٍ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مَعْلُوْمٍ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya: <i>“Siapa saja yang melakukan salaf (pesanan) hendaklah
dalam takaran dan timbangan yang jelas sampai tempo yang jelas.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 1pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C. Skema
Jual Beli Salam (Bay’ as-Salam)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Disyaratkan
akad bay’ as-salam dengan skema sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembayaran
(harga atau <i>ra’sul maal</i>) harus tunai di majelis akad.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kriteria
harus jelas: berat atau takaran barang pesanan. Termasuk sifatnya, atau
macamnya, atau jenisnya atau ukurannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu
penyerahan barang harus jelas, yakni harus dengan tempo (ada penundaan/hutang)
yang disepakati.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tidak
boleh tertentu, maksudnya barangnya sudah ditunjuk atau lokasi barang harus keluar
dari tempat tertentu oleh pemesan (misal, dari kebun/sawah yang ditunjuk
pemesan).<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jarak
waktu harus lama penyerahan barangnya, tidak langsung karena jika waktunya
pendek akan menjadi tidak sah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">D. Fakta
Pemesanan Wortel Grade A Bogor PT. Jaya XXX<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam penyediaan Wortel Grade A Bogor untuk dijual kepada konsumen,
PT. Jaya XXX yang beralamat di Jakarta melakukan pemesanan Wortel Grade A Bogor
kepada penjual wortel grade A di Bogor Jawa Barat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam pemesanan tersebut dilakukan hal-hal berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PT.
Jaya XXX menerbitkan surat pembelian <i>(purchase order) </i>kepada penjual Wortel
Grade A Bogor, dengan menyebutkan: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Harga
yang disepakati, kuantitas (berat) yang harus disediakan, waktu penyerahan,
tempat penyerahan wortel grade A, spesifikasi kualitas yang harus ada pada wortel
grade A dan ukuran karungnya, adanya uang muka (DP), apabila terjadi <i>return</i>/pengembalian
oleh PT. Jaya XXX karna tidak sesuai (kualitas dan kuantitas wortel grade A) maka
produk dikembalikan kembali dan uang muka (DP) dikembalikan utuh/penuh ke PT.
Jaya XXX.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surat
pembelian <i>(purchase order)</i> dikirimkan melalui aplikasi chating
(WhatsApp), kemudian dokumen (surat pembelian) tersebut dicetak/<i>print out</i>
oleh penjual Wortel Grade A Bogor kemudian di tanda-tangani, difoto dan dikirimkan
kembali melalui aplikasi chating WhatsApp kepada PT. Jaya XXX.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah
menerima DP dari PT. Jaya XXX dengan menunjukkan bukti transfer, penjual wortel
grade A menyiapkan wortel grade A sebanyak 1200 kg dengan jarak penyiapan
sampai pengiriman hingga 10-12 hari.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selama
penyiapan wortel grade A tersebut, penjual wortel grade A terkadang meminta
tambahan DP atau bahkan pelunasan. Dan terkadang dilunasi setelah wortel grade
A diterima oleh PT. Jaya XXX, dengan jarak pelunasan dalam hitungan jam atau
paling lama 1 hari.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika
wortel grade A tidak diterima karena alasan kualitas yang buruk dari wortel
grade A tersebut, maka wortel grade A tersebut dikembalikan lagi pada penjual,
dan diganti yang baru di waktu yang berbeda penyerahannya (tanggalnya).</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E.
Tinjauan Hukum Bay’ as-Salam Wortel Grade A Bogor PT. Jaya XXX</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika dimasukkan
pada skema <i>bay’ as-salam </i>maka terdapat cacat <i>(fasad) </i>dalam
transaksi pemesanan wortel grade A tersebut. Karena tidak melakukan pembayaran
harga kontan di awal pemesanan, setelah penjual wortel grade A mengirimkan
kesepakatan surat pembelian yang telah ditanda tangani.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hal ini masuk
dalam jual beli hutang dengan hutang yang diharamkan, di dalam buku HHMK-nya
Dr. Erwandi Tarmizi, MA, bahwa Ibnu Mundzir berkata<i>, “Para ulama telah
sepakat bahwa jual beli utang dengan utang tidak diperbolehkan.”</i> Ini juga
difatwakan oleh <i>Majma’ Al-Fiqh Al-Islami</i> (Divisi Fiqh OKI) dalam
muktamarnya ke-12 di Riyadh tahun 2000 dengan keputusan No. 107 (1/12), yang
berbunyi, <i>“Supply Kontrak, dimana uang pembayaran tidak dibayar tunai di
depan maka tidak boleh ... dan termasuk jual beli utang dengan utang”.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></b></span></a></span></span></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dan juga
menurut Yusuf As Sabatin dalam bukunya <i>Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah </i>bahwa, <i>“Harga
(pembayaran) harus diserahkan secara kontan di majelis akad ... seandainya ia
menyerahkan sebagian harga (pembayaran) dan sebagian lagi belum diserahkan,
baik lebih banyak atau lebih sedikit, maka salam sah pada harga (pembayaran)
yang telah diserahkan saja, sedangkan pada harga yang lain batal.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
</i>Hal ini adalah keharaman.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">F.
Solusi Bay’ as-Salam PT. Jaya XXX</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Solusi atas
transaksi jual beli pesanan <i>(bay’ as-salam)</i> oleh PT. Jaya XXX dan
penjual Wortel Grade A Bogor ini adalah dengan 2 (dua) solusi berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PT.
Jaya XXX menerbitkan surat pembelian <i>(purchase order) </i>sebagai bentuk
menjanjikan kepada penjual Wortel Grade A Bogor akan membeli wortel grade A
dengan tiada mengikat (andai salah satunya menarik janjinya tidak ada sanksi
apapun). Dan setelah barang sudah siap (ada), maka dibuatkan akad jual beli.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PT.
Jaya XXX menerbitkan surat pembelian <i>(purchase order) </i>dan penjual Wortel
Grade A Bogor menyepakati hal-hal yang ada di dalamnya, kemudian harga
(pembayaran) dilakukan di muka secara kontan (tunai) sedangkan wortel grade A
disiapkan dengan tempo 10-12 hari kemudian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perihal
pengembalian harga (pembayaran), tentunya boleh terdapat <i>khiyar </i>(pilihan)
dari PT. Jaya XXX<i> </i>kepada penjual wortel grade A, jika terdapat cacat <i>(aib)
</i>atau harga tidak sesuai dengan kualitas barang yang buruk <i>(gabn, </i>penipuan
harga barang<i>)</i>, yakni dengan mengembalikan barang kepada penjual wortel
grade A dan boleh meminta ganti dengan barang yang berkualitas baik dan sesuai
harga di waktu lain yang disepakati kedua pihak atau meminta utuh dana yang
telah dibayarkan (diterima penjual wortel grade A).<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></a></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perihal
keamanan barang yang dipesan <i>(al-muslam fih),</i> dapat dijamin dengan menerima
jaminan atau apapun cara lain yang diizinkan untuk mengamankan pembayaran (uang
tunai yang telah dibayarkan dimuka).<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></a></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">G.
Hikmah Jual Beli Salam (Bay’ as-Salam)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dibalik adanya
jual beli salam <i>(bay’ as-salam)</i> tentunya terdapat hikmah yang pasti ada,
hal ini dapat dilihat dari 2 (dua) sisi yakni dari sisi pemesan/pembeli (PT.
Jaya XXX) dan sisi penjual (penjual Wortel Grade A Bogor), adalah sebagai
berikut:<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemesan
(PT. Jaya XXX) mendapatkan:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjaminnya
mendapatkan barang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Wortel Grade A Bogor)
yang diharapkan/dibutuhkan pada waktu yang diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mendapatkan
barang (Wortel Grade A Bogor) yang lebih murah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penjual
(penjual Wortel Grade A Bogor) mendapatkan:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mendapatkan
modal menjalankan usahanya dengan cara yang halal, tanpa harus membayar bunga
ribawi apabila melakukan hutang pada perbankan misalnya. Apabila belum jatuh
tempo serah terima barang pemesan, modal dapat digunakan penjual untuk
mengembangkan usahanya dan mendapatkan keuntungan yang diharapkan hingga jatuh
tempo nanti (serah terima barang pemesan).<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mempunyai
keleluasaan waktu dalam memenuhi permintaan pemesan, karena jarak serah terima
barang mempunyai jarak yang cukup lama.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memperoleh
kepastian pembeli atas barang (produk) yang dijualnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">G.
Kesimpulan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jual beli salam
atau salaf merupakan jual beli barang spesifik dengan pembayaran harga tunai
dimuka akan tetapi barang diserahkan kemudian pada tempo yang disepakati. Hal
ini pengecualian dari jual beli yang penjual harus memiliki barang, karena <i>syara’</i>
mengizinkannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fakta yang
terjadi pada pada PT. Jaya XXX yang melakukan DP (uang muka) di awal akad
salam, tidak diperbolehkan <i>syara’</i> dengan skema akad salam ini (menjadi
tidak sah akad salam-nya). Sebab, melakukan jual beli hutang dengan hutang yang
dilarang oleh <i>syara’</i> melalui <i>ijma’ </i>ulama. Akad yang rusak <i>(fasad)</i>
ini harus diperbaiki dengan akad salam yang diizinkan <i>syara’.</i> Yakni dengan
skema jual beli (mutlak), atau dengan skema jual beli salam/salaf yang tunai
diberikan di muka, dan barang yang dipesan diserah terimakan kemudian pada
tempo yang disepakati. Tentunya diperbolehkan meminta jaminan atas harga
(pembayaran) atau melakukan apapun cara lain yang diizinkan untuk mengamankan
pembayaran untuk menghindari <i>gabn </i>(penipuan)<i>.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jual beli salam
<i>(bay’ as-salam) </i>memiliki hikmah yang besar dari kedua belah pihak,
pemesan mendapatkan barang yang terjamin dan murah, sedangkan penjual mendapatkan
modal yang halal, waktu persiapan yang memadai, dan konsumen yang pasti dan
apabila berhasil tentu akan tinggi tingkat kepercayaannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">H.
Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN Mendeley
Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ahmad Zuhri, <i>Pertanggung Jawaban Dalam Jual Beli Salam Menurut Mazhab
Syafi’i (Studi Kasus Jual Beli Pesanan Di Kalangan Pedagang Wortel Pajak Sambu
Dan Pajak Roga Berastagi)</i>, <i>Repository UIN Sumatera Utara</i> (Medan,
2017)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Mahmud, Yusuf Ahmad, and (Yusuf As-Sabatin), <i>Bisnis Islami
Dan Kritik Atas Praktik Bisnis Ala Kapitalis; Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah Wa
Al-Mu’ashirah Wa Al-Busrshat Al-Mahaliyyah Wa Ad-Duwaliyyah</i>, ed. by Yahya
Abdurrahman and Arif B. Iskandar, cet ke-2 (Bogor: Al Azhar Press, 2011)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Nurhadi, ‘Rahasia Hikmah Dibalik Akad-Akad Dalam Ekonomi Islam
Nurhadi’, <i>Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam</i>, 5.01 (2019), 42–65<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Tarmizi, Erwandi, <i>Harta Haram Muamalat Kontemporer</i>,
cet ke-23 (Bogor: PT. Berkat Mulia Insani, 2020)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic
Financial Institutions, <i>Shari’ah Standards</i>, <i>King Fadh National
Library Cataloging in Publication Institutions</i> (Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain:
Dar Al Maiman for Publishing and Distributing, 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Umar, Imron Abu, <i>Terjemahan Fathul Qorib Jilid I</i>
(Kudus: Menara Kudus, 1982)</span></p><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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Abu Umar, <i>Terjemahan Fathul Qorib Jilid I</i> (Kudus: Menara
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1982)."},"properties":{"noteIndex":1},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Imron Abu Umar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terjemahan
Fathul Qorib Jilid I</i> (Kudus: Menara Kudus, 1982), hlm 240.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mahmud","given":"Yusuf
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ke-2","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Abdurrahman","given":"Yahya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Iskandar","given":"Arif
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Islami dan Kritik atas Praktik Bisnis Ala Kapitalis; Al-Buyu' al-Qadimah wa
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Ahmad Mahmud and (Yusuf As-Sabatin), <i>Bisnis Islami Dan Kritik Atas
Praktik Bisnis Ala Kapitalis; Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah Wa Al-Mu’ashirah Wa
Al-Busrshat Al-Mahaliyyah Wa Ad-Duwaliyyah</i>, ed. by Yahya Abdurrahman
and Arif B. Iskandar, cet ke-2 (Bogor: Al Azhar Press,
2011).","manualFormatting":"Yusuf Ahmad Mahmud (Yusuf
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Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah Wa Al-Mu’ashirah Wa Al-Busrshat Al-Mahaliyyah Wa
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Bisnis Ala Kapitalis; Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah Wa Al-Mu’ashirah Wa Al-Busrshat
Al-Mahaliyyah Wa Ad-Duwaliyyah, ed. by Yahya Abdurrahman and Arif B. Iskandar,
cet ke-2 (Bogor: Al Azhar Press,
2011).","previouslyFormattedCitation":"Yusuf Ahmad Mahmud
and (Yusuf As-Sabatin), <i>Bisnis Islami Dan Kritik Atas Praktik Bisnis
Ala Kapitalis; Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah Wa Al-Mu’ashirah Wa Al-Busrshat
Al-Mahaliyyah Wa Ad-Duwaliyyah</i>, ed. by Yahya Abdurrahman and Arif B.
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2011)."},"properties":{"noteIndex":3},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Yusuf Ahmad Mahmud (Yusuf As-Sabatin), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bisnis Islami Dan Kritik Atas Praktik Bisnis
Ala Kapitalis; Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah Wa Al-Mu’ashirah Wa Al-Busrshat
Al-Mahaliyyah Wa Ad-Duwaliyyah</i>, ed. by Yahya Abdurrahman dan Arif B.
Iskandar, cet ke-2 (Bogor: Al Azhar Press, 2011), hlm. 137.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tarmizi","given":"Erwandi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"cet
ke-23","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"publisher":"PT.
Berkat Mulia
Insani","publisher-place":"Bogor","title":"Harta
Haram Muamalat
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Tarmizi, <i>Harta Haram Muamalat Kontemporer</i>, cet ke-23 (Bogor:
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Haram Muamalat Kontemporer, cet ke-23 (Bogor: PT. Berkat Mulia Insani,
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<i>Harta Haram Muamalat Kontemporer</i>, cet ke-23 (Bogor: PT.
Berkat Mulia Insani, 2020)."},"properties":{"noteIndex":4},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Erwandi Tarmizi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harta
Haram Muamalat Kontemporer</i>, cet ke-23 (Bogor: PT. Berkat Mulia Insani,
2020), hlm. 294.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
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</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Yusuf Ahmad Mahmud (Yusuf As-Sabatin), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bisnis Islami Dan Kritik., </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hlm. 140. Jual beli salam (pesanan) telah
dikecualikan oleh syariah dari hadist Nabi <i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ﷺ</span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">لَا تَبِعْ مَا لَيْسَ عِنْدَكَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">, artinya “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">Janganlah engkau menjual
sesuatu yang bukan milikmu.” </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">(HR. At-Tirmidzi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"> karena syariah
memperbolehkannya (jual beli salam).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Yusuf Ahmad Mahmud (Yusuf As-Sabatin), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bisnis Islami Dan Kritik., </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hlm. 165. </span></span>Jual beli salam merupakan
jual beli sesuatu yang dideskripsikan tetapi tidak tertentu. Yang seandainya
penjual menyerahkan barang yng tidak sesuai pesanan lalu (boleh)
mengembalikannya. Akan tetapi (penjual) wajib menyerahkan barang seperti yang
dideskripsikan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">Erwandi Tarmizi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harta Haram
Muamalat Kontemporer., </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hlm. 295.</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">Yusuf Ahmad Mahmud (Yusuf As-Sabatin), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bisnis
Islami Dan Kritik., </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hlm. 145.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Yusuf As
Sabatin dalam bukunya Al-Buyu’ Al-Qadimah menurutnya, <i>“Pembeli memiliki
khiyar (pilihan) antara mengembalikan barang yang ia beli (karena cacat) dan
mengambil kembali harga (pembayaran) yang telah ia bayarkan kepada penjual.”</i>
Lihat, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Yusuf Ahmad Mahmud (Yusuf As-Sabatin), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bisnis Islami Dan Kritik., </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hlm. 311-313.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"The
Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"King
Fadh National Library Cataloging in Publication
Institutions","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"publisher":"Dar
Al Maiman for Publishing and Distributing","publisher-place":"Manama,
Kingdom of Bahrain","title":"Shari'ah
Standards","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1c001ab6-3f56-4426-aa3f-f066011aecf2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"The
Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions,
<i>Shari’ah Standards</i>, <i>King Fadh National Library
Cataloging in Publication Institutions</i> (Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain:
Dar Al Maiman for Publishing and Distributing,
2015).","manualFormatting":"The Accounting and Auditing
Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, Shari’ah Standards, King Fadh
National Library Cataloging in Publication Institutions (Manama, Kingdom of
Bahrain: Dar Al Maiman for Publishing and Distributing, 2015), hlm.
276.","plainTextFormattedCitation":"The Accounting and
Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, Shari’ah Standards,
King Fadh National Library Cataloging in Publication Institutions (Manama,
Kingdom of Bahrain: Dar Al Maiman for Publishing and Distributing,
2015).","previouslyFormattedCitation":"The Accounting and
Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, <i>Shari’ah
Standards</i>, <i>King Fadh National Library Cataloging in
Publication Institutions</i> (Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain: Dar Al Maiman
for Publishing and Distributing, 2015)."},"properties":{"noteIndex":11},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic
Financial Institutions, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shari’ah
Standards</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">King Fadh National Library
Cataloging in Publication Institutions</i> (Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain: Dar Al
Maiman for Publishing and Distributing, 2015), hlm. 276.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9788578110796","ISSN":"1098-6596","PMID":"25246403","abstract":"Predicting
the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that
falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and
protein−protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand
docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-α-helical peptides and systematically
improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible
polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing
with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD
among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD ≤ 2.0 Å for
the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21% with default Glide SP settings
to 58% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of
redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the
recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63% success for these 19
peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a
subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that
case, 40% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find
that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides
of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of
applicability for this
approach.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahmad
Zuhri","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Repository
UIN Sumatera
Utara","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"9","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"publisher-place":"Medan","title":"Pertanggung
Jawaban Dalam Jual Beli Salam Menurut Mazhab Syafi’i (Studi Kasus Jual Beli
Pesanan Di Kalangan Pedagang Wortel Pajak Sambu Dan Pajak Roga
Berastagi)","type":"report","volume":"53"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9a5ad88b-dd44-44e5-beea-9526900eb2fe"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"Ahmad
Zuhri, <i>Pertanggung Jawaban Dalam Jual Beli Salam Menurut Mazhab
Syafi’i (Studi Kasus Jual Beli Pesanan Di Kalangan Pedagang Wortel Pajak Sambu
Dan Pajak Roga Berastagi)</i>, <i>Repository UIN Sumatera
Utara</i> (Medan, 2017), <span
style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">liii</span>.","manualFormatting":"Ahmad
Zuhri, Pertanggung Jawaban Dalam Jual Beli Salam Menurut Mazhab Syafi’i (Studi
Kasus Jual Beli Pesanan Di Kalangan Pedagang Wortel Pajak Sambu Dan Pajak Roga
Berastagi), Repository UIN Sumatera Utara (Medan, 2017), hlm
37-38.","plainTextFormattedCitation":"Ahmad Zuhri,
Pertanggung Jawaban Dalam Jual Beli Salam Menurut Mazhab Syafi’i (Studi Kasus
Jual Beli Pesanan Di Kalangan Pedagang Wortel Pajak Sambu Dan Pajak Roga
Berastagi), Repository UIN Sumatera Utara (Medan, 2017),
liii.","previouslyFormattedCitation":"Ahmad Zuhri,
<i>Pertanggung Jawaban Dalam Jual Beli Salam Menurut Mazhab Syafi’i
(Studi Kasus Jual Beli Pesanan Di Kalangan Pedagang Wortel Pajak Sambu Dan
Pajak Roga Berastagi)</i>, <i>Repository UIN Sumatera
Utara</i> (Medan, 2017), <span
style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">liii</span>."},"properties":{"noteIndex":12},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ahmad Zuhri, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertanggung
Jawaban Dalam Jual Beli Salam Menurut Mazhab Syafi’i (Studi Kasus Jual Beli
Pesanan Di Kalangan Pedagang Wortel Pajak Sambu Dan Pajak Roga Berastagi)</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Repository UIN Sumatera Utara</i> (Medan,
2017), hlm 37-38.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Erwandi%20Tarmizi/Tugas%20Individu/Akad%20Salam%20Wortel%20Grade%20A%20Bogor.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Nurhadi, ‘Rahasia Hikmah Dibalik Akad-Akad Dalam
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</div>
</div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-62627192839655392082020-10-24T05:33:00.001-07:002020-10-24T05:46:19.421-07:00Manusia Ekonomi Rasional Dalam Tinjauan Ekonomi Islam<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf94YPwtn2Jfey6Wajty7HBrRUv_LRzkRphTGIgbOS4E7zndGOeqSvxURfG4s12G05kJTUL1acGPpfrDRRfgId-BF4vWJDBir3FaAGNZhACBH_RMD7XoTXRxWEnFHxlnp_lukUWgSuZX8/s1200/rendra+fr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf94YPwtn2Jfey6Wajty7HBrRUv_LRzkRphTGIgbOS4E7zndGOeqSvxURfG4s12G05kJTUL1acGPpfrDRRfgId-BF4vWJDBir3FaAGNZhACBH_RMD7XoTXRxWEnFHxlnp_lukUWgSuZX8/w640-h426/rendra+fr.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><div class="WordSection1">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b>Rendra Fahrurrozie, S.Pd</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MES Institut Tazkia | NIM: 2020405016<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><a href="mailto:2005.rendra.016@student.tazkia.ac.id?subject=Tugas%20Fiqh%20Muamalah%20MES%20Tazkia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2005.rendra.016@student.tazkia.ac.id</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
ilmu ekonomi konvensional manusia ekonomi rasional <i>(rational economic man) </i>mendapat
perhatian serius oleh pakar ekonomi, bahwa perilaku individu adalah pasti
rasional. “Manusia tidak boleh terhambat oleh hasratnya”, kata Adam Smith dalam
bukunya <i>The Theory of Moral Sentiment</i>. Sehingga menurutnya, muncul dalam
manusia itu kepuasan (konsumsi) dan keuntungan (produksi) atau juga dinamakan
kebutuhan <i>(need)</i> dan keinginan <i>(want). </i>Maka lahirlah perilaku
manusia yang menjadikan rasionalitasnya untuk memenuhi kepuasan pribadinya.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DEFINISI RASIONALITAS</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Raliby (1982),
rasionalitas secara bahasa berasal dari <i>ratio</i> (latin) berarti akal budi
atau pikiran sehat. Adapun rasional mengandung pengertian mengenai keputusan
dan tindakan yang didasari atas pertimbangan akal budi. Proses rasionalitas
disebut dengan <i>rationalization</i> (rasionalisasi) yang mengandung makna <i>to
find motives for conduct which are plausible</i> (pencarian motif tindakan yang
masuk akal).<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn1" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasionalisme berseberangan
dengan Empirisme (Sensasionalisme). Rasionalisme condong berpendapat bahwa
kebenaran dapat dicapai dengan jalan berpikir dan menarik kesimpulan dengan
akal dari hal yang sudah tentu yang diajukan lebih dulu. Sementara Empirisme
menyatakan bahwa satu- satunya sumber pengetahuan adalah kesadaran panca indera
dan satu-satunya percobaan pengetahuan adalah pengalaman.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn2" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada konsep
rasionalitas, tujuan atau motif individu yang diambil oleh pelaku itu
mengabaikan kritik dan etika. Sederhananya rasionalitas merujuk pada kesuksesan
meraih tujuan apapun. Sehingga rasionalitas identik dengan perilaku yang
digerakkan oleh <i>self-interest</i> yang mengarah pada perilaku <i>selfish </i>(egois
atau mementingkan diri sendiri).</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KONSEP RASIONALITAS EKONOMI</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut ilmu
ekonomi konvensional, paham <i>rational economics man,</i> tindakan individu
rasional adalah tertumpu kepada kepentingan diri sendiri <i>(self interest)</i>
yang menjadi satu-satunya tujuan bagi seluruh aktivitas. Ekonomi konvensional
mengabaikan moral dan etika dalam pembelanjaan dan unsur waktu adalah terbatas
hanya di dunia saja tanpa memikirkan hari akhirat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maka Adam Smith
menyatakan bahwa, tindakan individu yang mementingkan kepentingan diri sendiri
pada akhirnya akan membawa kebaikan masyarakat seluruhnya karena <i>invisible hand</i>
bekerja melalui proses kompetisi dalam mekanisme pasar.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn3" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><p style="text-align: center;">
</p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Syed
Omar Syed Agil kriteria individu yang dianggap rasional, apabila:<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mereka
tahu apa yang mereka mau sesuai dengan skala prioritas kemauan dan bersikap konsisten
(individu andaikan mempunyai informasi lengkap).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semua
informasi dan cara didinilai dengan berdasarkan pada logika akal. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan
dan cara bisa dinilai dengan uang. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
produksi, mereka hanya melihat aspek kemahiran tanpa memandang nilai-nilai
moral dan agama yang tidak dapat dinilai dalam bentuk uang.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perilaku
seseorang yang mementingkan kepuasan diri sendiri akan membawa kebaikan kepada
masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pilihan
dibuat selaras dengan pilihan yang diprediksi dibuat oleh masyarakat. Dianggap
rasional sekiranya pilihan yang dibuat bersesuaian dengan kehendak masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bentuk-bentuk manusia ekonomi rasional menurut Syed Omar Syed Agil,
adalah: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Egoistic
Rationality,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> bahwa setiap
individu digerakkan oleh kepentingan diri sendiri <i>(self interest),</i> yakni
produsen akan memaksimalkan keuntungan dan konsumen memaksimalkan kepuasan.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bounded
Rationality, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yakni apabila
ketidak mampuan individu dalam memenuhi kepuasan pribadinya atau informasi
lengkap mengenai kepuasannya maka akan dapat menjadikan individu tidak optimal
dalam pilihannya.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Altruism,
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yakni sarana untuk memberikan kepuasan dalam diri sendiri dengan
memuaskan orang lain dengan perbuatan baik. Baik untuk membangun reputasi
pribadi dengan maksud menaikkan keuntungan ditengah masyarakat, yang banyak
dilakukan perusahaan dengan tanggung jawab sosialnya untuk meningkatkan image
yang baik dalam rangka memaksimalkan keuntungan penjualan.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">RASIONALITAS EKONOMI DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam ekonomi kapitalisme, Umar Chapra menjelaskan bahwa kapitalis
akan menjurus kepada kebebasan individu yang tidak terbatasi untuk memenuhi
kepentingan pribadi, kepemilikan, dan pengelolaan privat; ekspansi kekayaan
yang dipercepat dan produksi maksimum serta pemenuhan kebutuhan menurut
preferensi individual; dan lebih mengutamakan kekuatan- kekuatan pasar dalam
lokasi dan distribusi sumber-sumber daya dan meminimalkan peran pemerintah atau
penilaian kolektif (Chapra, 2000).<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Maka, akan berkuasanya kaum kapital (pemilik modal) dengan bebasnya mereka
dalam investasinya yang tiada batasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sehingga dalam kapitalisme, kebutuhan manusia adalah kebutuhan
materi (fisik), sedangkan kebutuhan emosional dan spiritual tidak diakui atau
dibahas. Individu memuaskan dirinya dengan alat pemuas, yakni barang dan jasa
yang berbentuk materi dengan di produksi, dikonsumsi dan didistribusikan. Maka
kebutuhan <i>(needs)</i> identik dengan keinginan <i>(wants), </i>nilai kegunaan
<i>(utility value)</i> menjadi faktor penentu untuk produksi, konsumsi, dan
distribusi barang-jasa itu, sedangkan konsep halal-haram, mashlahah-mudharat
tidak menjadi acuan.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun dalam sosialisme, setidaknya ada 2 (dua) hal yang
menyebabkan ekonomi ini lemah, yakni:<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seluruh
bentuk produksi dan sumber pendapatan menjadi milik negara dan diatur kemudian
lewat negara, dipergunakan untuk seluruh rakyat. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rakyat
tidak mempunyai hak untuk memiliki harta kecuali harta-harta tertentu yang
telah ditetapkan oleh negara. Motivasi masyarakat untuk bekerja tidak
didasarkan atas nilai kepemilikan yang ia akan dapatkan kelak setelah bekerja
tetapi lebih dikarenakan adanya aturan yang ketat atas apa yang harus mereka
kerjakan. Tetapi, bukan berarti rakyat tidak mendapatkan hasil dari pekerjaannya.
Rakyat mendapatkan hasilnya melalui pembagian yang rata yang dilakukan negara.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesamaan
dalam memenuhi kebutuhan ekonominya didasarkan atas asumsi bahwa setiap orang
mempunyai hak yang sama untuk mendapatkan pelayanan. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sehingga
potensi yang berkembang dikarenakan latar belakang kemampuan alami kurang
mendapat perhatian oleh negara. Keadaan ini menjerumuskan pada kehidupan
masyarakat yang beku dan tidak ada dinamika, karena apresiasi hidup manusia
terbelenggu oleh berbagai aturan negara yang lebih dipengaruhi oleh perspektif
baku tentang masalah kemasyarakatan.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melihat
bebasnya rasionalitas ekonomi individu dalam memuaskan dirinya dalam ekonomi
kapitalis, dan bekunya rasionalitas ekonomi individu dalam memuaskan kebutuhan
dan keinginnanya dalam sosialis. Islam hadir dengan ekonominya yang khas.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam
berpandangan bahwa manusia adalah pemakmur bumi (khalifah), dengan petunjuk dari
Allah SWT melalui Rasulullah <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ﷺ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> baik perkara akidah,
ibadah, akhlak, <i>mu’amalah,</i> dan <i>uqub</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">â</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">t </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(hukum) yang
ditemukan di Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadist. Dalam Islam, tujuan konsumsi adalah
memaksimalkan <i>maslahah, </i>yakni mendatangkan segala bentuk kemanfaatan
atau menolak segala kemungkinan yang merusak.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasionalitas dalam ekonomi Islam dibangun berdasar dari nilai dan
ajaran Islam, yakni:<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap
pelaku ekonomi bertujuan untuk mendapatkan maslahah. Maslahah sangat erat
kaitannya dengan <i>maqashid syariah</i> yang mengandung lima tujuan utama, (1)
maslahah agama, (2) maslahah jiwa, (3) maslahah akal, (4) maslahah keturunan,
dan (5) maslahah kekayaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap
pelaku ekonomi selalu berusaha untuk tidak melakukan kemubadziran <i>(non-
wasting).</i> <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap
pelaku ekonomi akan berhubungan dengan resiko, yang mengandung 3 tindakan,
yaitu (1) selalu berusaha untuk meminimumkan resiko, (2) berhadapan dengan
resiko ketidakpastian, dan (3) melengkapi informasi dalam upaya meminimumkan
resiko.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Batasan terhadap rasionalitas ekonomi Islam, dalam beberapa konsep
menurut Monzer Kahf, yakni: <a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
kesuksesan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam
membenarkan individu untuk mencapai kesuksesan di dalam hidupnya melalui
tindakantindakan ekonomi, namun kesuksesan dalam Islam bukan hanya kesuksesan
materi akan tetapi juga kesuksesan di hari akhirat dengan mendapatkan keridhaan
dari Allah SWT. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
kekayaan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kekayaan
dalam konsep Islam adalah amanah dari Allah SWT dan sebagai alat bagi individu
untuk mencapai kesuksesan di hari akhirat nanti, sedangkan menurut pandangan
konvensional kekayaan adalah hak individu dan merupakan pengukur tahap
pencapaian mereka di dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
barang<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
barang dalam pandangan Islam selalu berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai moral. Dalam Al-Quran
dinyatakan dua bentuk barang yaitu, <i>al-tayyibat<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></i>
(barangan yang baik, bersih, dan suci serta berfaedah) dan barangan <i>al-rizq<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></i>
(pemberian Allah, hadiah, atau anugerah dari langit) yang bisa mengandung halal
dan haram.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
etika konsumen<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam
tidak melarang individu dalam menggunakan barang untuk mencapai kepuasan selama
individu tersebut tidak mengkonsumsi barang yang haram dan berbahaya atau
merusak. Islam melarang mengkonsumsi barang untuk <i>tarf<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></i>
(berfoya-foya) dan <i>tabzir<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(spending in the wrong way)</i> seperti suap, berjudi, riba dan lainnya, maupun
tindakan <i>taqtir<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[16]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></i>
(kikir) terhadap dirinya sendiri pula pada sesama serta Allah SWT.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kepuasan
optimal dapat diketahui dari perintah (hadits) Nabi <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ﷺ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
yaitu untuk berhenti makan sebelum kenyang. Hal ini apabila muslim melakukan
kepuasan yang halal, apabila masih dalam area wajib/sunnah, dan harus
berhati-hati dalam kepuasan optimal pada area <i>mubah/makruh,</i> serta
apabila masuk pada kepuasan maksimum akan masuk pada keharaman dengan terus
menerus menambah barang yang dimakannya (melampaui batas).<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn17" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[17]</span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jadi, sarana
untuk memuaskan pribadi adalah hal lain sedangkan pemanfaatannya adalah hal
lain juga dalam Islam (dipisahkan, ada konsep Islam dikeduanya), dan tujuan
(rasionalitas) Islam, bukan hanya meningkatkan taraf kehidupan negara saja,
tetapi menjamin kemakmuran setiap individu dengan dibatasi cara perolehan dan
pemanfaatannya barang-jasa dengan aturan Allah SWT dalam memenuhi kebutuhan<i>
(needs), </i>atau memuaskan keinginan <i>(wants).<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[18]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">D.
KESIMPULAN</span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam ilmu
ekonomi konvensional manusia ekonomi rasional <i>(rational economic man) </i>mendapat
perhatian serius oleh pakar ekonomi, bahwa perilaku individu adalah pasti
rasional. Secara bahasa, rasional berasal dari <i>ratio</i> (latin) berarti
akal budi atau pikiran sehat. Secara istilah yakni mengenai keputusan dan
tindakan yang didasari atas pertimbangan akal budi. Proses rasionalitas disebut
dengan <i>rationalization</i> (rasionalisasi) yang mengandung makna <i>to find
motives for conduct which are plausible</i> (pencarian motif tindakan yang
masuk akal).</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tindakan
individu rasional adalah tertumpu kepada kepentingan diri sendiri <i>(self
interest)</i> yang menjadi satu-satunya tujuan bagi seluruh aktivitas. Ekonomi
konvensional mengabaikan moral dan etika dalam pembelanjaan dan unsur waktu
adalah terbatas hanya di dunia saja tanpa memikirkan hari akhirat. Bentuk
tindakan rasionalitas setidaknya 3 (tiga) macam; (1) <i>Egoistic Rationality; </i>(2)
<i>Bounded Rationality; </i>dan (3) <i>Altruism. </i>Yang ketiganya merupakan
bentuk pemuasan pribadi dari manusia ekonomi.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berbeda dengan
Islam, yang mempunyai tujuan dari konsumsi individu adalah mencari <i>mashlahah.
</i>Yang <i>mashlahah </i>tersebut bermuara pada <i>maqashid syariah</i>
(tujuan-tujuan syariah), agar konsep kesuksesan, konsep kekayaan, konsep
barang, dan konsep etika konsumen yang masing-masingnya tidak melampaui batas,
singga dapat menjerumuskan pada keharaman.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">F.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><!--[if supportFields]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN Mendeley
Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Abdurrahman, Hafidz, <i>Muqaddimah Sistem Ekonomi Islam</i>, ed. by
Maghfur Wachid, cet. ke-2 (Bogor: Al Azhar Press, 2014)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">An-Nabhani, Taqiyuddin, <i>Sistem Ekonomi Islam</i> (Jakarta:
HTI Press, 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Gunawijaya, Rahmat, ‘Kebutuhan Manusia Dalam Pandangan
Ekonomi Kapitalis Dan Ekonomi Islam’, <i>Al-Maslahah</i>, 13.1 (2017), 131–50<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Isfandiar, Ali Amin, ‘Melacak Teori Rasionalitas Ekonomi
Berbasis Islamic Ethics’, <i>Muqtasid: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah</i>,
6.2 (2015), 23 <https://doi.org/10.18326/muqtasid.v6i2.23-41><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kholis, Nur, ‘Konsep Rasionaliti Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi
Konvensional Dan Alternatifnya Menurut Pandangan Ekonomi Islam’, <i>Researchgate</i>,
2009, 1–23<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ngasifudin, Muhammad, ‘Rasionalitas Dalam Ekonomi Islam’, <i>JESI
(Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia)</i>, 7.2 (2018), 111–19
<https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2017.7(2).111-119></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if supportFields]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:IN;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]-->
</p><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.18326/muqtasid.v6i2.23-41","ISSN":"2087-7013","abstract":"This
paper discusses the rationality from the angle of language and itscoverage,
rationality from the standpoint of immanence and transcendence.The theme of the
study are about the relationship between ethics andrationality, rationality in
economics including the position of rationality inIslamic economy, the role of
the outsider (external factors) of rationality (ineconomy in taking decisions).
The approach used is a philosophicalexploratory, i.e. tracing the linguistic
philosophical side which started from the rational root of the word itself is
up to on the word transformation in economics, so that gave rise to some form
of the word rational that was so extreme and radical as the pretext of self to
behave as free-free economy. The presence of characteristic trandensi in
Islamic economy which is not owned by the conventional economy, namely the risk
of uncertainty as to the resigned expression tawwakul and unrestricted time
jangkauang (time horizon) from the life of the world to the life of the
hereafter.Tulisan ini membahas rasionalitas dari sudut bahasa dan cakupannya,
rasionalitas dari sudut pandang imanensi dan transendensi. Tema kajianadalah
mengenai hubungan antara etika dan rasionalitas, rasionalitas dalambidang
ekonomi termasuk di dalamnya posisi rasionalitas dalam ekonomiIslam, peranan
outsider (faktor eksternal) terhadap proses rasionalitas (kedalam diri pelaku
ekonomi dalam mengambil keputusan). Pendekatan yangdigunakan adalah
filosofis-eksploratif, yakni menelusuri sisi filosofiskebahasaan yang dimulai
dari akar kata rasional itu sendiri hingga sampaipada proses transformasi kata
tersebut dalam bidang ekonomi, sehinggamemunculkan bentukan kata rasional yang
begitu ekstrim dan radikal sebagai dalih diri untuk berperilaku
sebebas-bebasnya dalam bidang ekonomi. Adanya karakteristik trandensi dalam
ekonomi Islam yang tidak dimiliki oleh ekonomi konvensional, yaitu pasrah kepada
resiko ketidakpastian sebagai ekspresi tawakal dan jangkauang waktu yang tak
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<i>Muqtasid: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah</i>, 6.2 (2015),
23
<https://doi.org/10.18326/muqtasid.v6i2.23-41>."},"properties":{"noteIndex":1},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali Amin Isfandiar, ‘Melacak Teori Rasionalitas
Ekonomi Berbasis Islamic Ethics’, <i>Muqtasid:
Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah</i>, 6.2 (2015), 23
<https://doi.org/10.18326/muqtasid.v6i2.23-41>, hlm. 26-27.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kholis","given":"Nur","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"researchgate","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"1-23","title":"Konsep
Rasionaliti Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Konvensional Dan Alternatifnya Menurut
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Islam","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=900f1914-ad2d-4b66-bf30-6cc5c71c0d2f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"Nur
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Rasionaliti Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Konvensional Dan Alternatifnya Menurut
Pandangan Ekonomi Islam’, <i>Researchgate</i>, 2009, 1–23."},"properties":{"noteIndex":3},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nur Kholis, ‘Konsep Rasionaliti Dalam Perspektif
Ekonomi Konvensional Dan Alternatifnya Menurut Pandangan Ekonomi Islam’, <i>Researchgate</i>, 2009, 1–23, hlm. 4.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid., </i>hlm.
6.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid,</i>
hlm. 8.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.21927/jesi.2017.7(2).111-119","ISSN":"2089-3566","abstract":"Islamic
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than individual interests (self interest). according to the view of
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known on the principles of islamic economics and the basic principles of the
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhammad Ngasifudin, ‘Rasionalitas Dalam Ekonomi
Islam’, <i>JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah
Indonesia)</i>, 7.2 (2018), 111–19
<https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2017.7(2).111-119>, hlm. 115.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Abdurrahman","given":"Hafidz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"cet.
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Azhar Press","publisher-place":"Bogor","title":"Muqaddimah
Sistem Ekonomi
Islam","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4ab5a8cd-f231-4434-b984-b64645ac5b75"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"Hafidz
Abdurrahman, <i>Muqaddimah Sistem Ekonomi Islam</i>, ed. by Maghfur
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Sistem Ekonomi Islam, ed. by Maghfur Wachid, cet. ke-2 (Bogor: Al Azhar Press,
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Abdurrahman, Muqaddimah Sistem Ekonomi Islam, ed. by Maghfur Wachid, cet. ke-2
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hafidz Abdurrahman, <i>Muqaddimah Sistem Ekonomi Islam</i>, ed. by Maghfur Wachid, cet. ke-2
(Bogor: Al Azhar Press, 2014), hlm. 34-35.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid., </i>hlm.
115-116.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gunawijaya","given":"Rahmat","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Al-Maslahah","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"131-150","title":"Kebutuhan
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Gunawijaya, ‘Kebutuhan Manusia Dalam Pandangan Ekonomi Kapitalis Dan Ekonomi
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rahmat Gunawijaya, ‘Kebutuhan Manusia Dalam Pandangan
Ekonomi Kapitalis Dan Ekonomi Islam’, <i>Al-Maslahah</i>,
13.1 (2017), 131–50, hlm. 138-139.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ali Amin Isfandiar, ‘Melacak Teori Rasionalitas
Ekonomi., hlm. 39.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Muhammad Ngasifudin, ‘Rasionalitas Dalam Ekonomi Islam.,
hlm. 116-117.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 248.1pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> QS. Al-Maidah:
88; QS. Thoha: 81.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> QS. Al-A’raf:
32.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> QS.
Al-Waqi’ah:41-45; QS. Al-Mu’minun: 64.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> QS. Al-Isra’:
26-27.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> QS. Al-Isra’:
29.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhammad Ngasifudin, ‘Rasionalitas Dalam Ekonomi Islam.,
hlm. 118.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Bayu%20Taufik%20Posumah/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Rendra%20Fahrurrozie-Manusia%20Ekonomi%20Rasional%20Dalam%20Tinjauan%20Ekonomi%20Islam.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"An-Nabhani","given":"Taqiyuddin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"publisher":"HTI
Press","publisher-place":"Jakarta","title":"Sistem
Ekonomi
Islam","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b352fb9-753e-4ead-81a0-8deee5f04983"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"Taqiyuddin
An-Nabhani, <i>Sistem Ekonomi Islam</i> (Jakarta: HTI Press,
2015).","plainTextFormattedCitation":"Taqiyuddin
An-Nabhani, Sistem Ekonomi Islam (Jakarta: HTI Press,
2015)."},"properties":{"noteIndex":13},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani, <i>Sistem Ekonomi Islam</i> (Jakarta: HTI Press, 2015), hlm. 66-70.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><br /><p></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-87342768862568898842020-10-10T17:28:00.034-07:002020-10-10T21:18:28.485-07:00Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwân: Biografi dan Politik Ekonomi Pemerintahannya<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrL4qOpqGTDhZ0xy5cgiW3rUDlV5VQyOxicKRgbUDBRSc-0lsjtMAt5HY96_6uwFgb0Mv12_K_p0z__WkUqSG3n5NEQT12uXEbEZnE1u2dCuubT6Yk1_H_A1sb-kYycOkIcfsBrOmT_lk/s1600/koin+dinasti+umayyah.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrL4qOpqGTDhZ0xy5cgiW3rUDlV5VQyOxicKRgbUDBRSc-0lsjtMAt5HY96_6uwFgb0Mv12_K_p0z__WkUqSG3n5NEQT12uXEbEZnE1u2dCuubT6Yk1_H_A1sb-kYycOkIcfsBrOmT_lk/w400-h240/koin+dinasti+umayyah.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span 14pt="" font-size:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span 12pt="" font-size:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">Oleh:</span> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Rendra Fahrurrozie, S.Pd </span></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span 107="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">A. Abstrak<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Abd al-Malik
Ibn Marwân merupakan sosok yang kuat pada masa Umayyah yang telah menerapkan
politik pemerintahan dan ekonomi yang membawa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada kemakmuran dan kedaulatan moneter yang kuat di abad ke 1 H setelah
Khulaf</span></i><i><span new="" roman="" serif="" times="">â</span></i><i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">’ Al-R</span></i><i><span new="" roman="" serif="" times="">â</span></i><i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">syid</span></i><i><span new="" roman="" serif="" times="">û</span></i><i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">n. Penyatuan
bahasa dalam bahasa Arab, kedaulatan moneter, departemen (diwan) yang
menopangnya mampu menjadikan masyarakat bersatu dalam satu wilayah yang
berdaulat, bersatu dalam kesatuan moneter dalam pembayaran pajak, serta bersatu
dalam hal politik pemerintahan yang dijalankan dengan meredam
perlawan-perlawanan di wilayah-wilayah. Kemajuan politik ekonomi ini
memunculkan pengaruh-pengaruh yang baru dalam keuangan umat Islam, seperti
penggunaan ruq’a dan sakk dalam transaksi keuangan, serta operasi perbankan
yang dijalakan akibat penyatuan mata uang. Ditambah dengan dibentuknya mahkamah
madzalim sebagai pagar bagi pejabat yang melakukan kezaliman terhadap negara
atau pada rakyat, mengakibatkan fokus kemakmuran dan penyatuan wilayah terus
maju dan sangat baik. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Kata Kunci:</span></b><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> Abdul Malik bin Marwan; Ekonomi; Islam; Khilafah; Umayyah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span 115="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">B. Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Abd al-Malik
Ibn Marw</span><span new="" roman="" serif="" times="">â</span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">n menorehkan
sejarah dalam perluasan wilayah Islam, bersamaan dengan politik ekonominya yang
mengagumkan pada masanya. Baik perihal pembangunan sarana ibadah, seperti
masjid-masjid yang saat itu menjadi tempat berkumpul umat Islam untuk
pendidikan atau ibadah, perluasan kota-kota besar seperti Makkah, Madinah,
Baghdad dan lainnya, maupun pembangunan ekonomi yang erat kaitannya dengan
kemakmuran pada masanya.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> Selain itu, ia
mampu meredam konflik internal di dalam wilayahnya, meredam konflik di luar
wilayah yakni dari Romawi Bizantium Timur yang mampu diatasi dengan baik
melalui perjanjian.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Penyatuan
masyarakat yang terbelah karna banyak perlawanan yang berhasil diatasi,
penyatuan bahasa ke dalam bahasa Arab, serta penyatuan mata uang inilah menjadi
kunci masa keemasan Bani Umayyah yang memerintah Kekhilafahan saat itu. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Penulis di
dalam pembahasan ini akan membahas secara singkat biografi Khalifah Abd
al-Malik Ibn Marw</span><span new="" roman="" serif="" times="">â</span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">n, yang
kemudian dilanjutkan dengan politik ekonominya. Metode yang digunakan dalam
penelitian sederhana ini yakni dengan kualitatif yang berdasar pada data
pustaka yang menjadi data sekunder.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span 115="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">C. Biografi Abd Al-Malik Ibn Marw</span></b><b><span 115="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">â</span></b><b><span 115="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">n<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Abd
al-Malik Ibn Marwân <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dianggap sebagai
pendiri Dinasti Umayyah kedua, karena mampu mencegah perpecahan yang terjadi
sejak masa Marwan bin Hakam. Beliau lahir di Madinah pada 26 H (646 M), menjadi
Khalifah ke-5 Bani Umayyah pada 685 M sampai tahun 705 M, selama 21 tahun. Abd
al-Malik wafat pada tahun 705 M.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Khalifah
Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwân <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pantas menjadi
Khalifah dengan sifatnya yang pemberani, fasih dalam pembicaraan, memiliki ilmu
pengetahuan Islam; seperti: fikih, tafsir, Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadist. Serta
memiliki kepribadian yang tabah dalm menghadapi kesukaran dan meiliki sifat seorang
yang terkemuka.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Penyatuan
masyarakat muslim dan negara yang dilakukan yakni dengan mampu mengatasi banyak
perlawanan di dalam wilayah kekuasannya, seperti:</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1. </span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Perlawanan Syi’ah
karna terbunuhnya Husain Ibn Ali di Karbala pada 680 M, yang menyebarkan kebencian dan perlawanan. Hal ini menyebabkan umat Islam membenci kekuasaan
Bani Umayyah, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Perlawanan Abdull</span><span new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">â</span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">h
Ibn Zubair, yang setelah terbunuhnya Husain Ibn Ali membentuk pemerintahan Kekhalifahan di Makkah pada masa Yazid bin Muawiyah. Kekalahan Ibn Zubair oleh
Hajaj Ibn Yusuf pada 692 M dengan menyerang Ka’bah menggunakan <i>manjaniq</i>
(pelontar batu), sehingga banyak kerusakan di masjid Al-Har</span><span new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">â</span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">m
saat itu serta menyerahkan kepala Ibn Zubair kepada Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwân
sebab kekalahannya. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3. </span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Perlawanan kaum
Khaw</span><span new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">â</span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">rij,
dengan memerintahkan Al-Hajaj Ibn Yusuf membersihkan Syam dari perlawanan
pemberontak kaum Khaw</span><span new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">â</span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">rij.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Perlawanan Amru Ibn
Sa’id, yang masih salah seorang keluarganya yang ingin menduduki sebagai
Khalifah juga.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Dengan
teratasinya perlawanan tersebut, negara menjadi aman, dan stabilitas politik
terjadi dan banyak melakukan persatuan umat Islam yang sebelumnya terpecah
belah. Maka, lahirlah kebijakan-kebijakan membangun negara yang terkenal hingga
saat ini, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Bahasa Arab menjadi
bahasa resmi negara yang mula diterapkan di Syam dan Irak, kemudian Mesir dan
Persia.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">
Hal ini mempunyai manfaat yang membantu dalam hal: (a) memperkuat karakteristik
Arab dalam administrasi negara, (b) mengurangi atau menghapus ketergantungan
pada non-Muslim atau Muslim non-Arab dalam mengelola catatan negara, ( c)
mempromosikan bahasa Arab di antara Muslim non-Arab, (d) mempromosikan tulisan
dan kaligrafi Arab, dan (e) mentransfer pos administrasi kepada orang Arab dan
Muslim berbahasa Arab.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Pelayanan
administrasi surat menyurat (pos) dengan membangun kantor pos dan ditugasi
kepada seorang dinas pos juga dibangun pada masanya. Sehingga terjalin
komunikasi yang baik antara pusat pemerintahan dan provinsi (gubernur). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">The postal service became of vital importance to
the state, so much so that the Umayyad Caliph Abd-al-Màlik (685–705) is
reported to have said to his chief-of-staff, “I</span> </i><i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">fully
delegate to you the administrative affairs of what comes to my door except for
four: the caller of prayer; he is the caller of God, the night caller; a need
must have driven him to call otherwise he would have slept until morning, the
post; the delay of the post might spoil people’s planned journeys, and the food
when it comes” (Hassan, 1959).</span></i><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Artinya: “Layanan pos menjadi sangat penting bagi
negara, sedemikian rupa sehingga Khalifah Umayyah Abd-al-Màlik (685-705)
dilaporkan telah berkata kepada kepala stafnya, ‘Saya sepenuhnya mendelegasikan
kepada anda urusan administrasi dari apa yang datang ke pintu saya kecuali
empat: <i>azan;</i> dia adalah panggilan Tuhan, pemanggil malam; suatu
kebutuhan yang harus jika tidak ia akan tidur sampai pagi, pos; penundaan pos
dapat merusak perjalanan yang direncanakan orang, dan makanan ketika datang.’ (Hassan,
1959).”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Mendirikan galangan
kapal di Tunisia untuk angkatan laut dan perdagangan serta industri
persenjataan.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Memperlebar
kota-kota serta membangun Qubbah Al-Sakhra di Al-Aqsa, termasuk memperluas
Masjid Al-haram di Makkah dan Masjid Nabawi yang diteruskan oleh anaknya Walid
Ibn Abd Al-Malik setelah Abd Al-Malik wafat.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="background: white;" times="">Dan menyempurnakan
huruf-huruf Arab, termasuk huruf Al-Qur’an yang pada masanya hidup seorang ahli
bahasa Sibawaihi yang mempunyai karya buku <i>al-Kitab </i>sebagai pedoman ilmu
tata bahasa Arab hingga saat ini. Seperti menyempurnakan tanda vokal, titik
pada huruf yang sama bentuknya untuk memudahkan non-Arab belajar Al-Qur’an dan
bahasa Arab.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span 115="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">D. Politik Ekonomi Abd Al-Malik Ibn Marw</span></b><b><span 115="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">â</span></b><b><span 115="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">n<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Perluasan
wilayah pada masa Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwân <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ke wilayah Afrika, Hindustan, dan menyeberang
pada Eropa yakni Andalusia dengan <i>futuhat</i> (pembukaan wilayah) sebagai
cara menyampaikan Islam pada manusia, atau jalur perdaganan laut seperti
wilayah Asia Tenggara</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> dalam hal
perdagangan. Hal inilah yang memunculkan politik Arabisasi untuk memperkuat
negara, baik dari sektor politik maupun ekonomi bahkan komunikasi, setelah
terjadinya stabilitas dalam negeri dan luar negeri. Berikut kebijakan politik
ekonomi Khalifah Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwân :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Mengganti mata uang dinar Romawi Bizantium
serta dirham Persia Sasanid yang beredar, dengan mencetak mata uang sendiri
(reformasi moneter). Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwân <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada tahun 74 H dan 75 H atau 695 M membuat
dinar emas, dan dipandang sebagai Khalifah pertama yang membuat dinar emas
Islami, serta juga membuat dirham perak Islami dengan sisinya bertuliskan surah
<i>Al-Ikhlash</i> dan sisi lainnya dituliskan simbol <i>Tauhid. </i>Dan tahun
76 H negara secara resmi mulai membersihkan dari mata uang bersimbol-simbol
asing.</span><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> Pengaruh dari
penerapan politik ekonomi ini menurut Hitti (1963) mengakibatkan 5 (lima)
pengaruh, yaitu:</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></a></span></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times="">Penguatan kedaulatan negara, sebagai cermainan mata uang yang mandiri.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;" times="">Pengumpulan pajak (<i>kharaj, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jizyah, zakat, usyur </i>dan lainnya) menjadi pada satu mata uang, sebagai ganti koin Persia di Persia (dirham) dan uang Romawi (dinar) di Suriah dan Mesir.</span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;" times="">Kebutuhan akan pertukaran mata uang terjadi, dengan menukar pada mata uang yang baru (dinar Islami).</span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;" times="">Munculnya bentuk operasional perbankan.</span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e. </span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times="">Muncul penyebaran instrumen keuangan seperti <i>ruq’a</i> (perintah pembayaran atau <i>invoice</i>), <i>sakk</i> (chek – menarik uang pada seseorang yang dilimpahkan uang tersebut pada orang yang memegang cek).</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span> </span><span> </span>Menurut
Hitti (1977) ekonomi terjadi pada masa Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwân <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sangat baik dan maju, perdagangan di
pasar-pasar serta sistem pembagian air yang di dalam kota Damaskus yang tiada
bandingannya yang sampai sekarang masih dipakai.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl2K5b16sOPDgUePVWVZt8ChnQT4RS-7MP84eEqqfywwkxQunL3iRTQkG1B2OnLUyXjgYvpwiDI0p8nO5UMSz3FuZUDWB27mm5l6t-oah1Ct1lx4wy7Nki-rCsq9YLjLZ_lEpW2SACOXI//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="646" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl2K5b16sOPDgUePVWVZt8ChnQT4RS-7MP84eEqqfywwkxQunL3iRTQkG1B2OnLUyXjgYvpwiDI0p8nO5UMSz3FuZUDWB27mm5l6t-oah1Ct1lx4wy7Nki-rCsq9YLjLZ_lEpW2SACOXI/w320-h250/image.png" width="320" /></a></span></div></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZSxiRw4sVZLnRztSdeG7GKdgNVCM7mfpWPTwjYilGWkR4B1LC3LFnkLxa3McMKf03px6SYSpG5_9Kct-nV5tPZS6_LsZp1sl_xFw3Q1nt0K01wtVCaWjylGpXt3nS6mqbIrCwIdtUiw//" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZSxiRw4sVZLnRztSdeG7GKdgNVCM7mfpWPTwjYilGWkR4B1LC3LFnkLxa3McMKf03px6SYSpG5_9Kct-nV5tPZS6_LsZp1sl_xFw3Q1nt0K01wtVCaWjylGpXt3nS6mqbIrCwIdtUiw/w200-h120/image.png" width="200" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Membentuk departemen-departemen
struktur negara urusan administrasi dan keuangan. Hal ini adalah lanjutan yang
berawal dari masa Khalifah Umar Ibn Khoththob mengenai mekanisme penyaluran
gaji dan mengenai pengelolaan harta, maka pada masa Khalifah Abd al-Malik Ibn
Marwân <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pun dibentuk beberapa departemen <i>(Diwan),
</i>yaitu:</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Diwan al-Kharraj</span></i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times="">, yang tugasnya
mengawasi departemen keuangan terutama mengenai pungutan pajak tanah <i>(kharaj)
</i>Pada masa itu, umat muslim hanya membayar zakat dan dibebaskan dari yang
lainnya, sehingga banyak <i>ahl al-dzimmah</i> (non-muslim warga negara) yang
masuk Islam.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Diwan al-Khatam</span></i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times="">, yang bertugas
menulis dan men-stemple/materai ordonansi (peraturan/qanun) pemerintah. Pada
masa Mu’awiyah telah diperkenalkan materai resmi untuk kebijakan dari khalifah,
maka setiap surat dibuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan ditembus
dengan benang, disegel dengan lilin kemudian dipres dengan segel/cap <i>Diwan
al-Khatam</i> atau cap Khalifah.</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">El-Ashker (2006)
fungsi utama dari <i>diwan </i>ini adalah:<i> </i>(a) untuk mengawasi
korespondensi antara Khalifah dan gubernur provinsinya, (b) untuk menyimpan
salinan surat keluar khalifah dalam file khusus untuk kontrol dan referensi di
masa mendatang, (c) untuk mengawasi arsip negara, dan (d) untuk mengatur
pengumuman publik dan deklarasi yang dikeluarkan oleh Khalifah kepada
rakyatnya.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Diwan al-Rasail, </span></i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times="">dipercayakan
untuk mengontrol surat-menyurat di daerah-daerah dan semua komunikasi dari
gubernur-gubernur; termasuk juga kendaraan yang digunakan seperti kuda, unta,
bagal (persilangan keledai dengan kuda), atau merpati.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Diwan al-Mustagallat </span></i><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times="">(Kementerian
urusan perpajakan). Bertugas melaukan pungutan pajak <i>jizyah </i>(pajak jiwa
bagi non-muslim)<i>, </i>atau zakat, usyur (dari <i>fa’i </i>dan <i>ghanimah</i>).</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-fareast-font-family:="" mso-fareast-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times=""><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span new="" roman="" style="font: 7pt;" times=""> </span></span></span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" style="text-indent: -18pt;" times="">Membentuk Mahkamah Agung<i> (Mahkamah
Madzalim)</i>, yakni didirikan untuk mengadili para pejabat negara yang melakukan
penyelewengan atau tindakan yang merugikan negara atau bertindak
sewenang-wenang terhadap rakyat.</span></p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Dari politik
ekonomi dan pemerintahannya Khalifah Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwân <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini kemajuan dan gemilangnya dilanjutkan pada
khalifah seterusnya yang hingga masa Khalifah Umar Ibn Abd Al-Aziz (anak dari
saudara laki-lakinya) menuai banyak kemajuan pula. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span 107="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">E. Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">Abd al-Malik
Ibn Marw</span><span new="" roman="" serif="" times="">â</span><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">n yang lahir
pada 646 M di Madinah, lahir dari keluarga penguasa Bani Umayyah yang mempunyai
sikap yang pemberani serta fasih dalam berbicara ini mampu membangitkan kembali
Bani Umayyah dalam penyatuan wilayah dan politik ekonomi yang gemilang pada
masa pemerintahannya. Meski banyak perlawanan-perlawanan dari dalam negeri
seperti dari Syi’ah, Khawarij, Ibn Zubair, dan <span style="background: white;">Amru
Ibn Sa’id mampu diatasi, dan juga mengadakan perjanjian gencatan senjata dengan
Romawi agar stabilitas wilayah terjaga. Stabilnya kondisi itu, menjadi
kesempatan untuk memperkuat kedaulatan dengan mencetak mata uang dinar-dirham
dan membentuk departemen-departemen (diwan) serta mahkamah madzalim sebagai
menjaga ketahanan negara. Maka, kemakmuran dan kesejateraan pada masanya
terjadi hingga sampai penerusnya setelah wafatnya di tahun 705 M.</span></span><b><span 115="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span 107="" 14pt="" font-size:="" line-height:="" major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="">F. Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Al-’Ilm, Dar, <i>Atlas Sejarah Islam</i>, ed. by Koeh, ke-1
(Jakarta: Kaysa Media, 2001)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Anomin, <i>Uang Kertas Versus Dinar Dan Dirham Islam</i>, ed.
by A. Saifullah, cet ke-2 (Bogor: Pustaka Thariqul Izzah, 2011)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Barudin, Topanji Pandu, <i>Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Pada
Masa Umayyah</i>, ed. by Ramadhan Edi Saputro (Klaten: Cempaka Putih, 2019)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">El-Ashker, Ahmed A.F, and Rodney Wilson, <i>Islamic
Economics: A Short History</i> (Leiden: Bril, 2006)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Fu’ad, Zakki, ‘Sejarah Peradaban Islam: Paradigma Teks,
Reflektif Dan Filosofis’, 2016, 1–268<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Hayan, Surma, and Nurhasanah Bakhtiar, ‘Arabisasi
Pemerintahan Islam Pada Masa Khalifah Abdul Malik Bin Marwan’, <i>Juspi ; Jurnal
Sejarah Peradaban Islam</i>, 3.2 (2020), 204–12
<https: 10.30829="" doi.org="" juspi.v3i2.6509=""><o:p></o:p></https:></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Hupinah, ‘Daulah Bani Umayyah Pada Masa Pemerintahan Abdul
Malik (685-705 M)’ (IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 1993)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Saputri, Itsnawati Nurrohmah, ‘Perkembangan Kubah Batu ,
Masjid Damaskus , Perluasan Masjid Al-Haram Dan Masjid Nabawi Pada Masa
Khalifah Abdul Malik Bin Marwan Dan Walid Bin Abdul Malik’, <i>Millatī, Journal
of Islamic Studies and Humanities Vol.</i>, 2.2 (2017), 195–220
<https: 10.18326="" doi.org="" millati.v2i2.195-220=""><o:p></o:p></https:></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -24pt;"><span 12.0pt="" mso-bidi-font-size:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Sunara, Rahmat, <i>Sejarah Islam Nusantara</i>, cet ke-1
(Jakarta: Buana Cipta Pustaka, 2009)</span><span mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<hr size="1" style="text-align: justify;" width="33%" />
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Al-'Ilm","given":"Dar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"ke-1","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koeh","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]},"publisher":"Kaysa
Media","publisher-place":"Jakarta","title":"Atlas
Sejarah
Islam","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=62a3fe25-2f43-474c-9a4e-cfef593351a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"Dar
Al-’Ilm, <i>Atlas Sejarah Islam</i>, ed. by Koeh, ke-1 (Jakarta:
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2001).","previouslyFormattedCitation":"Dar Al-’Ilm,
<i>Atlas Sejarah Islam</i>, ed. by Koeh, ke-1 (Jakarta: Kaysa
Media, 2001)."},"properties":{"noteIndex":2},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Dar Al-’Ilm, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atlas
Sejarah Islam</i>, ed. by Koeh, ke-1 (Jakarta: Kaysa Media, 2001), hlm. 72.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> Khalifah Abd Al-Malik Ibn Marwan
membuat perjanjian gencatan sejata dengan Romawi pada tahun 689 M selama 10
tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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Saputri, ‘Perkembangan Kubah Batu , Masjid Damaskus , Perluasan Masjid Al-Haram
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Itsnawati Nurrohmah Saputri, ‘Perkembangan Kubah Batu
, Masjid Damaskus , Perluasan Masjid Al-Haram Dan Masjid Nabawi Pada Masa
Khalifah Abdul Malik Bin Marwan Dan Walid Bin Abdul Malik’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Millatī, Journal of Islamic Studies and
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<https: 10.18326="" doi.org="" millati.v2i2.195-220="">.</https:></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
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</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> <i>Ibid., </i>hlm.
200.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
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Sunan Ampel Surabaya,
1993).","previouslyFormattedCitation":"Hupinah, ‘Daulah
Bani Umayyah Pada Masa Pemerintahan Abdul Malik (685-705 M)’ (IAIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya, 1993)."},"properties":{"noteIndex":5},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Hupinah, ‘Daulah Bani Umayyah Pada Masa Pemerintahan
Abdul Malik (685-705 M)’ (IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 1993), hlm. 41.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Surma Hayan and Nurhasanah Bakhtiar, ‘Arabisasi
Pemerintahan Islam’., hlm. 209.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ahmed A.F El-Ashker and Rodney Wilson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islamic Economics: A Short History</i>
(Leiden: Bril, 2006), hlm. 133.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> <i>Ibid., </i>hlm.
130.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Hupinah, ‘Daulah Bani Umayyah’., hlm. 62.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Itsnawati Nurrohmah Saputri, ‘Perkembangan Kubah
Batu., hlm. 215-217.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Topanji Pandu Barudin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Pada Masa Umayyah</i>, ed. by Ramadhan
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sunara","given":"Rahmat","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"Cet
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Cipta
Pustaka","publisher-place":"Jakarta","title":"Sejarah
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Rahmat Sunara, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah
Islam Nusantara</i>, Cet ke-1 (Jakarta: Buana Cipta Pustaka, 2009), hlm. 1.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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Umayyah mendirikan pangkalan dagang di pantai barat Sumatra yang mengakibatkan
banyak pedagang Muslim datang dan berdakwah. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Anomin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uang
Kertas Versus Dinar Dan Dirham Islam</i>, ed. by A. Saifullah, cet ke-2 (Bogor:
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" mso-no-proof:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times="" yes="">Ahmed A.F El-Ashker and Rodney Wilson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islamic
Economics., </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hlm. 134-135.</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/03.%20Institute%20Tazkia/02.%20MES/Dr.%20Wahyu%20Dwi%20Agung/Tugas%20Individu/01.%20Semester%201/Abdul%20Malik%20Bin%20Marwan.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span calibri="" face="" sans-serif="" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fu'ad","given":"Zakki","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1-268","title":"SEJARAH
PERADABAN ISLAM: Paradigma Teks, Reflektif dan
Filosofis","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=800c3879-8b5b-4c65-8ef4-ab585ea532e5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"Zakki
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Zakki Fu’ad, ‘Sejarah Peradaban Islam: Paradigma Teks,
Reflektif dan Filosofis’, 2016, 1–268, hlm. 87.</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span major-bidi="" mso-ascii-theme-font:="" mso-bidi-theme-font:="" mso-hansi-theme-font:="" new="" roman="" serif="" times=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p></p>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-53460991622277497402020-09-26T17:33:00.004-07:002020-09-27T01:52:10.715-07:00[Video] Abdul Malik Bin Marwan Biografi dan Politik Ekonominya <div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_w6Ja8mQwf4" width="480"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presentasi Matakuliah: </span><b style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pemikiran dan Filsafat Ekonomi Islam</b></div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87)" face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dosen Pengampu : Dr. Wahyu Dwi Agung, SH MH </span></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Magister Ekonomi Syariah - Institute Agama Islam Tazkia Bogor</span> </i></div><div style="font-style: italic; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 15px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 15px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dapat juga diakses pada link Youtube:<i> </i></span><a href="https://youtu.be/_w6Ja8mQwf4" style="font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://youtu.be/_w6Ja8mQwf4</a></div></span></div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-38304310771121549442020-09-12T21:54:00.001-07:002020-09-12T22:00:55.370-07:00FILM JKDN: Upaya Membawa Kesadaran Umat Islam Akan Sejarah Islam Di Nusantara<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><img alt="Film Jejak Khilafah Diviralkan, Isinya pun Disebut Khayalan" src="https://awsimages.detik.net.id/community/media/visual/2020/08/20/jejak-khilafah-di-nusantara_169.jpeg?w=700&q=90" /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">Oleh:<b> </b>Rendra Fahrurrozie, S.Pd</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abstrak<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.35pt 8pt 1cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Film Jejak Khilâfah di
Nusatara yang pada penayangannya terjadi pro dan kontra, tetaplah akan menjadi
goresan tinta dakwah dalam menyadarkan umat Islam akan jejak Islam yang mulai
dikaburkan dan dikubur dari benak ingatan mereka. Peran pengemban dakwah sangat
penting, meskipun terdapat gangguan dan halangan untuk menyadarkan umat Islam
dari sejarahnya sendiri dalam persatuan dan Ukhuwah Islamiyah di masa lalu dalam
mengusir penjajah. Jejak Khilâfah menjadi penting pula diketahui peranannya
dalam perjuangan dan dakwah umat Islam di Nusantara.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 45.35pt 8pt 1cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata Kunci:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> JKDN; Khilâfah, Islam, Nusantara<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suksesnya
film dokumenter Jejak Khilâfah di Nusantara (JKDN)<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
pada 1 Muharram 1442 H/20 Agustus 2020 M lalu, membuat sebagian masyarakat
mengalami perbincangan yang pro-kontra dalam pemutarannya. Meski saat pemutaran
film tersebut banyak pihak berusaha mencegah tersampaikannya film ini di
tengah-tengah masyarakat dengan beberapa kali penayangan perdananya ini diblokir
pihak YouTube atas permintaan pemerintah.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jagat
media sosial dan televisi pun ikut membahas film JKDN tersebut dengan beragam
sudut pandang masing-masing, kaidah fikriyah (landasan pemikiran) yang ada pada
masyarakat akan mengemakan satu titik fokus yakni pada kata ‘khil</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">â</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">fah’. Yang menurut Ustadz
Ismail Yusanto pada sesi dialog sebelum acara pemutaran film tersebut dimulai,
bahwa terjadi pengaburan dan penguburan sejarah terutama mengenai Khilâfah. Hal
inilah yang kemudian menjadi perdebatan diskusi para tokoh sejarawan dalam dan
luar negeri serta juga pada masyarakat umum.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena
itu, pentingnya kesadaran umat akan Khilâfah yang justru menjadi pintu kebaikan
dakwah dan persatuan menjadi esensi<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
dari film JKDN ini. Sebab, upaya mendistorsi sejarah dan <i>tsaq</i></span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">â</span></i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">fah</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
(kebudayaan) Islam terutama yang berhubungan dengan fikih im</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">â</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mah (hukum pemerintahan
Islam) yakni Khilâfah itu dikaburkan dan dikubur dari benak umat Isl</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">am. Inilah pentingnya dakwah
untuk menyadarkan dan mengungkap kebenaran ditengah-tengan umat Islam.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PRO-KONTRA JEJAK KHILÂFAH DI NUSANTARA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dibalik
pemutaran film JKDN ini, muncul juga sanggahan dari sejarawan sekaligus guru
besar Emeritus Trinity College, Oxford, Peter Carey mengajukan keberatan kepada
tim produksi film Jejak Khilâfah di Nusantara karena mencantumkan namanya tanpa
izin, yang sempat dimintai wawancara untuk menjelaskan tentang Perang
Diponegoro yang telah ditelitinya selama 40 tahun, ia menegaskan kekhalifahan
Turki Utsmani tidak memiliki hubungan dengan Kesultanan Islam di Keraton
Yogyakarta.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ia
menyatakan tidak ada bukti dokumen arsip Turki Utsmani yang menunjukkan adanya
hubungan dengan Kesultanan Demak (1475-1558), tidak pula ada dokumentasi era
Turki Utsmani yang menyatakan mereka memiliki kontak dengan raja pertama
Kesultanan Demak, yakni Raden Patah (bertakhta, 1475–1518) dan juga tidak ada
dokumen sejarah yang menunjukkan panji 'Tunggul Wulung' merupakan bukti
Yogyakarta adalah wakil dari Turki Utsmani di Jawa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Akan
tetapi penyataan Peter Carey tersebut terpatahkan oleh pidato lengkap Sri
Sultan Hamengkubuwono X pada Pembukaan Kongres Umat Islam Indonesia (KUII) ke-6
di Yogyakarta pada 12 Februari 2015 yang acara yang ini dihadiri berbagai tokoh
Islam tersebut dibuka Wapres Jusuf Kalla dan ditutup Presiden Jokowi, berikut
ini:<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada
1479, Sultan Turki mengukuhkan R. Patah (sultan Demak pertama) sebagai
Khalifatullah ing Tanah Jawa, perwakilan kekhalifahan Islam (Turki) untuk Tanah
Jawa, dengan penyerahan bendera Laa ilaah illa Allah berwarna ungu kehitaman
terbuat dari kain Kiswah Ka'bah, dan bendera bertuliskan Muhammadurrasulullah
berwarna hijau. Duplikatnya tersimpan di Kraton Yogyakarta sebagai pusaka, penanda
keabsahan Kasultanan Yogyakarta Hadiningrat wakil Kekhalifahan Turki.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">...<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
tahun 1903, saat diselenggarakan Kongres Khilâfah di Jakarta oleh Jamiatul
Khair, yang berdiri 1903, Sultan Turki mengirim utusan Muhammad Amin Bey.
Kongres menetapkan fatwa, haram hukumnya bagi Muslim tunduk pada penguasa
Belanda, dengan merujuk ajaran Islam "Hubbul wathan minal iman"
(cinta tanah air adalah bagian dari iman). Dari kongres inilah benih-benih dan
semangat kemerdekaan membara.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demikian
pula ada sanggah dari sejarawan Indonesia mantan rektor (UIN) Syarif
Hidayatullah, Prof. Azyumardi Azra menyebut bahwa di Nusantara tidak ada jejak Khilâfah.
<i>“Mana ada jejak Khilâfah dengan Indonesia. Abbasiyah itu bukan Khilâfah,
Abbasiyah itu dinasti. Umayyah juga dinasti, Ottoman juga dinasti. Ini terjadi
manipulasi fakta dan diromantiskan saja,”</i> bantah Azyumardi Azra. <a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Hal ini disanggah langsung oleh sutradata film JKDN Nico Pandawa pada diskusi
dengan Prof. Azyumardi Azra<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
bahwa kekuasaan apa yang disebut monarki atau dinasti tersebut tetap dapat
disebut sebagai khalifah sebagaimana para ulama seperti Jalaludin Al-Suyûti
yang menulis kitab <i>Tar</i></span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">îkh
Khulafâ</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang
tetap lazim disebut sebagai khâlifah yang tidak hanya menceritakan sebatas <i>Khulafâ
Al-Râsyidîn</i> tetapi hingga sampai ke Abasiyah. Bahkan bukunya Azyumardi Azra
sendiri Jaringan Para Ulama menyebut kekuasaan di Damaskus (Bani Umayyah)
sebagai Khalifah. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika melihat jejak masuknya
Islam ke nusantara, terdapat 3 teori mengenai hal tersebut.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>Pertama,
</i>teori dari Snouck Hurgronje bahwa Islam masuk abad ke 12-13 Masehi melalui
Gujarat India. <i>Kedua, </i>teori Persia bahwa Islam masuk dari tanah Persia
pada abad 13 Masehi, teori ini disanggah oleh teori ketiga. Dan <i>ketiga, </i>teori
Arabia bahwa masuknya Islam ke nusantara sejak pada masa <i>Khulafâ Al-Râsyidîn
</i>di abad ke 7 Masehi. Teori Arabia (ketiga) ini didukung oleh literatur
China yang menyebutkan sudah berdiri perkampungan Arab-Muslim di pesisir
Sumatera dan menikah dengan penduduk lokal pada abad ke 7 masehi. Dan memang
pada tahun 651 M duta Islam pernah datang ke China dalam catatan sejarah China
berjudul <i>Chiu T’ang Shu </i>pada masa Khalifah Utsman bin Affan, duta-duta
Islam tersebut tidak hanya berkunjung ke China saja akan tetapi berkunjung juga
ke Zabaj dan Sribuza yang dikenal dengan Kerajaan Sriwijaya yang ekspedisi
tersebut harus melewati selat Malaka dan singgah ke Sriwijaya.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memang pada masa Khalifah Utsman
bin Affan terbentuk armada laut pertama yang hingga sampai mem-</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">futuhât
</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pulau Siprus tahun 27 H/648 M dengan Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan
sebagai panglimanya,<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
sehingga jalur laut pada masa </span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khulafâ
Al-Râsyidîn </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sudah
ada dan sampai melakukan perjalanan ke China. Dan pada tahun 674 M pada Khilafâh
Bani Umayyah mendirikan pangkalan dagang di pantai barat Sumatra yang
mengakibatkan banyak pedagang Muslim datang dan berdakwah.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Hal ini semakin kuat dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapatnya
seminar mengenai kedatangan Islam di Nusantara tahun 1969 dan 1978 disimpulkan
bahwa Islam datang langsung dari Arab bukan India, bukan abad ke 12-13 M tapi
pada abad pertama hijriyah atau abad ke 7 Masehi.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jejak arsip dokumen yang
kaitannya dengan Khilafah Utsmaniyah, inipun ditemukan oleh Farooqi (sejarawan
dari Universitas Allahabad, India) yang menemukan sebuah arsip petisi dari
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah kepada Sulaiman Al-Qanuni (Khalifah Utsmaniyyah) yang
mengakui beliau sebagai Khalifah dan mangadukan penjajah Portugis yang
mengganggu jamaah haji dan pedagang Muslim. Dan pada tahun 1566-1574 M Sultan
Salim II anak dari Sulaiman Al-Qanuni melakukan ekspedisi besar dengan
mengirimkan sejumlah ahli senapan api, tentara, dan artileri (meriam) dengan
Laksamana Kurtoglu Hizir Reis yang menetap di Aceh selama Sultan butuhkan dan
digelari wali Aceh (Gubernur) sebagai utusan resmi Khalifah di Aceh.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">JKDN: MENYADARKAN UMAT AKAN KHILÂFAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah bukanlah hal yang membosankan, sebab
akan menguak kecemerlangan Islam dan membongkar kebusukan propaganda para
pembenci Islam yang merintangi atau menghalangi keyakinan pengemban dakwah
Islam dalam menyampaian fakta dan kebenaran agar dapat mengentaskan umat Islam
yang haus akan informasi yang bermutu dan terpercaya dalam dominasi sekularisme
kapitalisme, hingga sukses antusias mengajak masyarakat menyaksikan film ini.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Allah SWT berfirman dalam Al-Qur’an,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";">يُرِيدُونَ أَن يُطۡفُِٔواْ
نُورَ ٱللَّهِ بِأَفۡوَٰهِهِمۡ وَيَأۡبَى ٱللَّهُ إِلَّآ أَن يُتِمَّ نُورَهُۥ
وَلَوۡ كَرِهَ ٱلۡكَٰفِرُونَ ٣٢ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";">Artinya: <i>“Mereka
berkehendak memadamkan cahaya (agama) Allah dengan mulut (ucapan-ucapan)
mereka, dan Allah tidak menghendaki selain menyempurnakan cahaya-Nya, walaupun
orang-orang yang kafir tidak menyukai.”</i> <b>(QS. Al-Taub</b></span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ah: 32)</span></b><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terkait ayat ini, Al-Imâm Ibn Katsîr dalam tafsirnya
menjelaskan bahwa orang-orang kafir – yaitu musyrikin dan ahli kitab (Yahudi
dan Nasrani) - ingin memadamkan cahaya (agama) Allah, artinya (ingin
memadamkan) apa yang dibawa utusan Allah, petunjuk dan agama yang <i><span style="border: 1pt none; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">hâq</span></i> ingin mereka padamkan dengan bantahan-bantahan
dan kebohongan-kebohongan mereka. Maka, perumpamaan upaya orang-orang kafir itu
seperti orang yang ingin memadamkan sinar matahari atau cahaya rembulan dengan
cara meniupnya. Ini tidak mungkin.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melihat tuduhan-tuduhan yang disematkan pada JKDN,
dengan tuduhan berkhayal, berbohong, tidak sesuai fakta dan lainnya. Tidaklah
membuat umat Islam mundur dalam mendakwahkan Islam kaffah ditengah tengah umat,
sebab keyakinan akan pertolongan Allah sebagaimana dalam Al-Qur’an terhadap
orang-orang yang menolong Islam, apalagi saat terdapat pengaburan sejarah dan
upaya penguburan jejak sejarah Islam di negeri ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="background: white; direction: rtl; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";">وَلَيَنصُرَنَّ ٱللَّهُ مَن
يَنصُرُهُۥٓۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَقَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ ٤٠ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Artinya:
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>“Sesungguhnya Allah pasti menolong
orang yang menolong (agama)-Nya. Sesungguhnya Allah benar-benar Maha Kuat lagi
Maha Perkasa.” </i><b>(QS. Al Hajj : 40).</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";">Menurut Al-Im</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">â</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";">m
Al-Thobari, makna dari </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";">وَلَيَنصُرَنَّ
ٱللَّهُ مَن يَنصُرُهُ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, yaitu Allah SWT pasti menolong orang-orang yang berperang di
jalan-Nya agar kalimat-Nya tinggi terhadap musuh-musuh-Nya.<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sehingga penyadaran kepada
masyarakat luas akan jejak Khilâfah di Nusantara merupakan keharusan, sebab
peran dari Khilâfah membantu pengusir penjajah Portugis maupun Belanda dengan
mengirimkan ahli senjata, kapal-kapal perang, serta pengetahuan pemerintahan
(politik) Islam kepada para Sultan oleh para ulama-ulama adalah jelas bahwa khilâfah
pernah mempunyai peran penting dalam perjuangan rakyat nusantara untuk bebas
dari penjajahan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesadaran umat akan jejak Khilâfah
di nusantara adalah hal yang sangat penting, upaya <i>“damnatio memoriae”<a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </i>atau
dihilangkan dari ingatan kolektif dengan mengaburkan dan mengubur sejarah
(jejak) Khilâfah di nusantara itu masih dilakukan penguasa dan pendukungnya
untuk memuluskan proyek deislamisasi berkedok deradikalisi yang terus saja
meraka gaungkan dan terbarkan ketakutan akan ajaran Islam itu layaknya <i>‘monster’.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meskipun kedudukan kewajiban
menegakkan Khilâfah bukan didasarkan pada argumentasi sejarah, sebab Khilâfah
wajib didasarkan pada dalil-dalil <i>qa</i></span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ṯ</span></i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">’iy.</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Akan tetapi sejarah hanya
untuk melakukan penelitian/memperhatikan cara penerapan sebuah aturan, sehingga
bisa diambilkan pelajaran (hikmah). Serta dari sejarah pula kaum muslimin dapat
memahami apakah sebuah peraturan benar-benar dilaksanakan atau tidak dengan
benar. Sehingga dalam kaidah penulisan sejarah Islam Timur dan Barat yang
dilakukan sejarawan Muslim dan Barat jelas berbeda. Karena terdapat perbedaan
kontras dalam memandang kehidupan secara utuh.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selayaknya kaum Muslim
khususnya pengemban dakwah meyakini serta memperjuangkan akan kembalinya
Khilafah ‘ala Manhaj Al-Nubuw</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">â</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h.
Sebagaimana janji Allah SWT dalam Al-Quran.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";">وَعَدَ
ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ مِنكُمۡ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ
لَيَسۡتَخۡلِفَنَّهُمۡ فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِ كَمَا ٱسۡتَخۡلَفَ ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبۡلِهِمۡ
وَلَيُمَكِّنَنَّ لَهُمۡ دِينَهُمُ ٱلَّذِي ٱرۡتَضَىٰ لَهُمۡ وَلَيُبَدِّلَنَّهُم
مِّنۢ بَعۡدِ خَوۡفِهِمۡ أَمۡنٗاۚ يَعۡبُدُونَنِي لَا يُشۡرِكُونَ بِي شَيۡٔٗاۚ
وَمَن كَفَرَ بَعۡدَ ذَٰلِكَ فَأُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡفَٰسِقُونَ ٥٥ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Artinya:
</span><i><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">“Dan
Allah telah berjanji kepada orang-orang yang beriman di antara kamu dan
mengerjakan amal-amal yang saleh bahwa Dia sungguh-sungguh akan menjadikan
mereka berkuasa dimuka bumi, sebagaimana Dia telah menjadikan orang-orang
sebelum mereka berkuasa, dan sungguh Dia akan meneguhkan bagi mereka agama yang
telah diridhai-Nya untuk mereka, dan Dia benar-benar akan menukar (keadaan)
mereka, sesudah mereka dalam ketakutan menjadi aman sentausa. Mereka tetap
menyembahku-Ku dengan tiada mempersekutukan sesuatu apapun dengan Aku. Dan
barangsiapa yang (tetap) kafir sesudah (janji) itu, maka mereka itulah
orang-orang yang fasik.”</span></i><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(QS.
Al-N</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">û</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">r:
55).</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Janji Allah itu tentunya akan
mendapatkan halangan dengan pengaburan sejarah dan tebaran ketakutan akan ajaran
Islam itu sendiri oleh penguasa zalim atau sejarawan yang tidak menyukai Khil</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">â</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">fah. Oleh karenanya, umat
Islam perlu menulis sejarahnya sendiri dan semakin besar mendakwahkan Islam
secara kaffah, agar penyadaran akan Islam dan <i>tsaqafah</i>nya
(kebudayaannya), kelak menjadi pelajaran oleh generasi di masa yang akan datang
betapa agung dan hebatnya Islam saat diterapkan secara kaffah dan saat mengusir
penjajah dengan gagah berani karena bersatu oleh <i>Ukhuwah Islamiyah</i> yang
kuat. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wallahu’alam
Bish</span></i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awâb.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "KFGQPC Uthmanic Script HAFS";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Buku<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">Anonim. 2009. <i>Khilâfah dan Jejak Islam Kesultanan Islam Nusantara,
cet- ke 4. </i>Bogor: Pustaka Thariqul Izzah.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">Gunawan, Indra. 2014. <i>Legenda 4 Umara Besar: Kisah Seni Memimpin
dari Penguasa Empat Dinasti Islam, cet. ke- 1. </i>Jakarta: PT. Elex Media
Komputindo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Husain, Sarkawi B.
2017. <i>Sejarah Masyarakat Islam Indonesia. </i>Surabaya: Airlangga University
Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sunara, Rahmat. 2009. <i>Sejarah
Islam Nusantara</i>, <i>cet ke-1.</i> Jakarta: Buana Cipta Pustaka.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 1pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><b>Website</b><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Achmad, Dedeh Wahidah. 2020. <i>Pelajaran dari Kesuksesan Film
JKdN.</i> Diakses pada laman <i>https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/08/27/pelajaran-dari-kesuksesan-film-jkdn/,</i>
pada 05 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gunadha, Reza dan Farah Nabilla. 2020. <i>Namanya Dicatut dalam
Film Jejak Khilâfah di Nusantara, Peter Carey Protes.</i> Diakses pada laman <i>https://www.suara.com/news/2020/08/10/153240/namanya-dicatut-dalam-film-jejak-Khilâfah-di-nusantara-peter-carey-protes?page=2,</i>
diakses pada 05 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidayatuna.com. 2020. <i>Prof. Azyumardi Azra Bantah Ada Jejak Khilâfah
di Nusantara.</i> Diakses pada laman<i>
https://hidayatuna.com/prof-azyumardi-azra-bantah-ada-jejak-Khilâfah-di-nusantara/,
</i>pada 05 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KBBI Online. Diakses pada
laman <i>https://kbbi.web.id/esensi.</i> pada 05 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Putra, Erik Purnama. 2015. <i>Pidato Sri Sultan tentang Hubungan
Keraton Yogyakarta dengan Islam.</i> Diakses pada laman <i>https://republika.co.id/berita/njmq2o/pidato-sri-sultan-tentang-hubungan-keraton-yogyakarta-dengan-islam,</i>
diakses pada 05 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rahmillah, Kanti. 2020.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Pemblokiran
Film JKdN, Wajah Busuk Hipokrisi Demokrasi.</i> Diakses pada laman <i>https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/09/03/pemblokiran-film-jkdn-wajah-busuk-hipokrisi-demokrasi/,</i>
diakses pada 05 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Siregar, Rahmadinda. 2020. <i>Film JKdN, Usaha Menguak “Damnatio
Memoriae” Islam di Nusantara. </i>Diakses pada laman <i>https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/08/26/film-jkdn-usaha-menguak-damnatio-memoriae-islam-di-nusantara/,</i>
diakses pada 06 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TvOne, Channel Youtube Apa Kabar Indonesia. 2020. <i>Sutradara Film
'Jejak Khilâfah di Nusantara' Angkat Bicara Soal Dianggap Propaganda HTI.</i>
Diakses pada link <i>https://youtu.be/L9a_yOy2TcI,</i> diakses pada 05
September 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Film yang diinisiasi oleh sejarawan bernama Nicko Pandawa bersama Komunitas
Literasi Islam, JKDN ini ditayangkan live di YouTube kanal Khilafah Channel pada
Kamis (20/8) pukul 09.00 WIB.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Kanti Rahmillah, ‘Pemblokiran Film JKdN, Wajah Busuk Hipokrisi Demokrasi’, 3
September 2020, <a href="https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/09/03/pemblokiran-film-jkdn-wajah-busuk-hipokrisi-demokrasi/">https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/09/03/pemblokiran-film-jkdn-wajah-busuk-hipokrisi-demokrasi/</a>,
diakses pada 05 September 2020.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Esensi artinya hakikat; inti; hal yang pokok. Lihat: <a href="https://kbbi.web.id/esensi"><i>https://kbbi.web.id/esensi</i></a><i>, </i>diakses
pada 05 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Reza Gunadha dan Farah Nabilla, “Namanya Dicatut dalam Film Jejak Khilafah di
Nusantara, Peter Carey Protes,” 10 Agustus 2020, <a href="https://www.suara.com/news/2020/08/10/153240/namanya-dicatut-dalam-film-jejak-khilafah-di-nusantara-peter-carey-protes?page=2,%20"><i>https://www.suara.com/news/2020/08/10/153240/namanya-dicatut-dalam-film-jejak-khilafah-di-nusantara-peter-carey-protes?page=2,</i></a><i>
</i>diakses pada 05 September 2020. Lihat juga: <a href="https://www.suara.com/news/2020/08/21/220750/sejarawan-peter-carey-patahkan-klaim-klaim-film-jejak-khilafah-di-nusantara?page=all"><i>https://www.suara.com/news/2020/08/21/220750/sejarawan-peter-carey-patahkan-klaim-klaim-film-jejak-khilafah-di-nusantara?page=all</i></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Erik Purnama Putra, “Pidato Sri Sultan tentang Hubungan Keraton Yogyakarta
dengan Islam”, 12 Feb 2015, pada laman <a href="https://republika.co.id/berita/njmq2o/pidato-sri-sultan-tentang-hubungan-keraton-yogyakarta-dengan-islam,%20"><i>https://republika.co.id/berita/njmq2o/pidato-sri-sultan-tentang-hubungan-keraton-yogyakarta-dengan-islam,</i></a><i>
</i>diakses pada 05 September 2020.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Hidayatuna.com, “Prof. Azyumardi Azra Bantah Ada Jejak Khilafah di Nusantara”, diakses
pada laman <a href="https://hidayatuna.com/prof-azyumardi-azra-bantah-ada-jejak-khilafah-di-nusantara/">https://hidayatuna.com/prof-azyumardi-azra-bantah-ada-jejak-khilafah-di-nusantara/</a>,
pada 05 September 2020.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Channel Youtube Apa Kabar Indonesia tvOne, “Sutradara Film 'Jejak Khilafah di
Nusantara' Angkat Bicara Soal Dianggap Propaganda HTI”, 27 Agustus 2020,
diakses pada link <a href="https://youtu.be/L9a_yOy2TcI"><i>https://youtu.be/L9a_yOy2TcI</i></a><i>,
</i>diakses pada 05 September 2020.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Anonim, <i>Khilafah dan Jejak Islam Kesultanan Islam Nusantara, </i>(Bogor:
Pustaka Thariqul Izzah), 2009, hlm. 6-9.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<i>Ibid., </i>hlm. 9-10.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Indra Gunawan, <i>Legenda 4 Umara Besar: Kisah Seni Memimpin dari Penguasa
Empat Dinasti Islam, </i>(Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo), 2014, hlm.
18-19.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Rahmat Sunara, <i>Sejarah Islam Nusantara, cet ke-1, </i>(Jakarta: Buana Cipta
Pustaka), 2009, hlm. 1.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Sarkawi B. Husain, <i>Sejarah Masyarakat Islam Indonesia, </i>(Surabaya:
Airlangga University Press), 2017, hlm. 6.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Rahmat Sunara, <i>Sejarah Islam Nusantara., </i>hlm. 37-38.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Dedeh Wahidah Achmad, “Pelajaran dari Kesuksesan Film JKdN”, 27 Agustus 2020,
diakses pada laman <a href="https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/08/27/pelajaran-dari-kesuksesan-film-jkdn/">https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/08/27/pelajaran-dari-kesuksesan-film-jkdn/</a>,
pada 05 September 2020. <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<i>Ibid.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<i>Ibid.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a href="file:///E:/Rendra's%20File/Hizb/Materi%20HS%20Umi-nya%20Uzhma/Materi%20HS%20-%2014092020-Fera-UmmuUzhma.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Tradisi ini dikembangkan dalam masyarakat Romawi untuk menghilangkan semua
jejak hidup orang yang tidak diinginkan dari kehidupan Roma, sehingga rekam
jejak seseorang tidak pernah ada. Lihat: Rahmadinda Siregar, “Film JKdN, Usaha
Menguak “Damnatio Memoriae” Islam di Nusantara”, 26 Agustus 2020, pada laman <a href="https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/08/26/film-jkdn-usaha-menguak-damnatio-memoriae-islam-di-nusantara/">https://www.muslimahnews.com/2020/08/26/film-jkdn-usaha-menguak-damnatio-memoriae-islam-di-nusantara/</a>,
diakses pada 06 September 2020.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-64280667543272373012020-07-03T06:27:00.001-07:002020-07-03T06:30:18.498-07:00Teknik Budidaya Bawang Merah<div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br></div><div><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPQeDJZA90Xjcv9QT_HQRN7cMQQubeTaM6fY4WlY0WpnDyLWEXMkzHf_6ZFYJSCqO14ZzEG7JuLmlNuPZE4hYrGFN0X1CNfLVQCO5XiQaBzXjRsX-fLGQmJGmi6I6a_KJtJnio_KJMvI0/s1600/lahan-bawang-merah.png" imageanchor="1" style=" margin-right: 1em;margin-left: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPQeDJZA90Xjcv9QT_HQRN7cMQQubeTaM6fY4WlY0WpnDyLWEXMkzHf_6ZFYJSCqO14ZzEG7JuLmlNuPZE4hYrGFN0X1CNfLVQCO5XiQaBzXjRsX-fLGQmJGmi6I6a_KJtJnio_KJMvI0/s1600/lahan-bawang-merah.png" border="0" data-original-width="777" data-original-height="400" width="270" height="138" class=" " title="" alt=""></a></div></div><div><br></div><div>Kalau Anda pernah jalan-jalan di daerah Brebes Jawa Tengah, pastinya melihat hamparan ladang sawah sepanjang jalan pantura. Itulah tempat atau daerah sentra budidaya bawang merah terbesar di Indonesia. </div><div><br></div><div>Bawang merah<i> (Allium ascalonicum) </i>merupakan tanaman hortikultura musiman yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Budidaya bawang merah memerlukan penyinaran matahari lebih dari 12 jam sehari. Tanaman ini cocok dibudidayakan di dataran rendah dengan ketinggian 0 hingga 900 meter dari permukaan laut. Suhu optimum untuk perkembangan tanaman bawang merah berkisar 25-32 derajat celcius. </div><div><br></div><div>Sedangkan keasaman tanah yang dikehendaki sekitar pH 5,6-7. Kali ini lapaknasa mencoba menguraikan langkah-langkah teknis yang perlu disiapkan untuk melakukan usaha budidaya bawang merah. </div><div><br></div><div>Cara menanam bawang merah ini disarikan dari pengalaman para petani bawang di Brebes, Jawa Tengah.</div><div><br></div><div><b>PRA TANAM</b></div><div><br></div><div>1. SYARAT TUMBUH</div><div><br></div><div>Bawang merah dapat tumbuh pada tanah sawah atau tegalan, tekstur sedang sampai liat. Jenis tanah Alluvial, Glei Humus atau Latosol, pH 5.6 – 6.5, ketinggian 0-400 mdpl, kelembaban 50-70 %, suhu 25-320 C</div><div><br></div><div>2. PENGOLAHAN TANAH</div><div><br></div><div>Pupuk kandang disebarkan di lahan dengan dosis 0,5-1 ton/ 1000 m2.</div><div>Diluku kemudian digaru (biarkan + 1 minggu).</div><div>Dibuat bedengan dengan lebar 120 -180 cm.</div><div><br></div><div>Diantara bedengan pertanaman dibuat saluran air (canal) dengan lebar 40-50 cm dan kedalaman 50 cm.</div><div><br></div><div>Apabila pH tanah kurang dari 5,6 diberi Dolomit dosis + 1,5 ton/ha disebarkan di atas bedengan dan diaduk rata dengan tanah lalu biarkan 2 minggu.</div><div>Untuk mencegah serangan penyakit layu taburkan Natural GLIO 100 gr (1 bungkus GLIO) dicampur 25-50 kg pupuk kandang matang, diamkan 1 minggu lalu taburkan merata di atas bedengan.</div><div><br></div><div>3. PUPUK DASAR</div><div><br></div><div>Berikan pupuk : 2-4 kg Urea + 7-15 kg ZA + 15-25 kg SP-36 secara merata diatas bedengan dan diaduk rata dengan tanah. Atau jika dipergunakan Pupuk Majemuk NPK (15-15-15) dosis ± 20 kg/ 1000 m2 dicampur rata dengan tanah di bedengan.</div><div><br></div><div>Siramkan pupuk SUPER NASA yang telah dicampur air secara merata di atas bedengan dengan dosis ± 10 botol/1000 m2 dengan cara :</div><div><br></div><div>Alternatif 1 : 1 botol Super Nasa diencerkan dalam 3 liter air dijadikan larutan induk. Kemudian setiap 50 lt air diberi 200 cc larutan induk tadi untuk menyiram bedengan.</div><div><br></div><div>Alternatif 2 : setiap 1 gembor volume 10 lt diberi 1 sendok peres makan Super Nasa untuk menyiram 5-10 meter bedengan. Biarkan selama 5 – 7 hari.</div><div><br></div><div>4. PEMILIHAN BIBIT</div><div><br></div><div>Ukuran umbi bibit yang optimal adalah 3-4 gram/umbi.</div><div>Umbi bibit yang baik yang telah disimpan 2-3 bulan dan umbi masih dalam ikatan (umbi masih ada daunnya)</div><div>Umbi bibit harus sehat, ditandai dengan bentuk umbi yang kompak (tidak keropos), kulit umbi tidak luka (tidak terkelupas atau berkilau).</div><div><br></div><div><b>FASE TANAM</b></div><div><br></div><div>1. JARAK TANAM</div><div><br></div><div>Pada Musim Kemarau, 15 x 15 cm, varietas Ilocos, Tadayung atau Bangkok. Pada Musim Hujan 20 x 15 cm varietas Tiron.</div><div><br></div><div>2. CARA TANAM</div><div><br></div><div>Umbi bibit direndam dulu dalam larutan SUPER NASA + air ( dosis 1 tutup/lt air ).</div><div><br></div><div>Taburkan GLIO secara merata pada umbi bibit yg telah direndam POC NASA.</div><div><br></div><div>Simpan selama 2 hari sebelum tanam.</div><div><br></div><div>Pada saat tanam, seluruh bagian umbi bibit yang telah siap tanam dibenamkan ke dalam permukaan tanah. Untuk tiap lubang ditanam satu buah umbi bibit.</div><div><br></div><div><b>AWAL PERTUMBUHAN (0 – 10 HST)</b></div><div><br></div><div>1. PENGAMATAN HAMA</div><div><br></div><div>Waspadai hama Ulat Bawang ( Spodoptera exigua atau S. litura), telur diletakkan pada pangkal dan ujung daun bawang merah secara berkelompok, maksimal 80 butir. Telur dilapisi benang-benang putih seperti kapas. Kelompok telur yang ditemukan pada rumpun tanaman hendaknya diambil dan dimusnahkan. Populasi diatas ambang ekonomi kendalikan dengan Natural BVR . Biasanya pada bawang lebih sering terserang ulat grayak jenis Spodoptera exigua dengan ciri terdapat garis hitam di perut /kalung hitam di leher, dikendalikan dengan PESTONA.</div><div><br></div><div>Ulat tanah. Ulat ini berwarna coklat-hitam. Pada bagian pucuk /titik tumbuhnya dan tangkai kelihatan rebah karena dipotong pangkalnya. Kumpulan ulat pada senja/malam hari. Jaga kebersihan dari sisa-sisa tanaman atau rerumputan yang jadi sarangnya. Semprot dengan PESTONA.</div><div><br></div><div>Penyakit yang harus diwaspadai pada awal pertumbuhan adalah penyakit layu Fusarium. Gejala serangan penyakit ini ditandai dengan menguningnya daun bawang, selanjutnya tanaman layu dengan cepat (Jawa : ngoler). Tanaman yang terserang dicabut lalu dibuang atau dibakar di tempat yang jauh. Preventif kendalikan dengan NATURAL GLIO.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br></div><div style="text-align: left;">2. PENYIANGAN DAN PEMBUMBUNAN</div><div><br></div><div>Penyiangan pertama dilakukan umur 7-10 HST dan dilakukan secara mekanik untuk membuang gulma atau tumbuhan liar yang kemungkinan dijadikan inang hama ulat bawang. Pada saat penyiangan dilakukan pengambilan telur ulat bawang</div><div><br></div><div>Dilakukan pendangiran, yaitu tanah di sekitar tanaman didangir dan dibumbun agar perakaran bawang merah selalu tertutup tanah. Selain itu bedengan yang rusak atau longsor perlu dirapikan kembali dengan cara memperkuat tepi-tepi selokan dengan lumpur dari dasar saluran (di Brebes disebut melem).</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: left;">3. PEMUPUKAN PEMELIHARAAN/SUSULAN</div><div><br></div><div>Dosis pemupukan bervariasi tergantung jenis dan kondisi tanah setempat. Jika kelebihan Urea/ZA dapat mengakibatkan leher umbi tebal dan umbinya kecil-kecil, tapi jika kurang, pertumbuhan tanaman terhambat dan daunnya menguning pucat. Kekurangan KCl juga dapat menyebabkan ujung daun mengering dan umbinya kecil.</div><div><br></div><div>Pemupukan dilakukan 2 kali </div><div>( dosis per 1000 m2 ) :</div><div><br></div><div>2 minggu : 5-9 kg Urea+10-20 kg ZA+10-14 kg KCl</div><div>4 minggu : 3-7 kg Urea+ 7-15 kg ZA+12-17 kg KCl</div><div><br></div><div>Campur secara merata ketiga jenis pupuk tersebut dan aplikasikan di sekitar rumpun atau garitan tanaman. Pada saat pemberian jangan sampai terkena tanaman supaya daun tidak terbakar dan terganggu pertumbuhannya.</div><div><br></div><div>Atau jika dipergunakan Pupuk Majemuk NPK (15-15-15) dosis ± 20 kg/ 1000 m2 diberikan pada umur ± 2 minggu.</div><div><br></div><div>4. PENGAIRAN</div><div><br></div><div>Pada awal pertumbuhan dilakukan penyiraman dua kali, yaitu pagi dan sore hari. Penyiraman pagi hari usahakan sepagi mungkin di saat daun bawang masih kelihatan basah untuk mengurangi serangan penyakit. Penyiraman sore hari dihentikan jika persentase tanaman tumbuh telah mencapai lebih 90 %</div><div>Air salinitas tinggi kurang baik bagi pertumbuhan bawang merah.</div><div><br></div><div>Tinggi permukaan air pada saluran ( canal ) dipertahankan setinggi 20 cm dari permukaan bedengan pertanaman.</div><div><br></div><div><b>FASE VEGETATIF (11- 35 HST)</b></div><div><br></div><div>1. PENGAMATAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT</div><div><br></div><div>Hama Ulat bawang, S. litura dan S. exigua.</div><div>Thrips, mulai menyerang umur 30 HST karena kelembaban di sekitar tanaman relatif tinggi dengan suhu rata-rata diatas normal. Daun bawang yang terserang warnanya putih berkilat seperti perak Serangan berat terjadi pada suhu udara diatas normal dengan kelembaban diatas 70%. Jika ditemukan serangan, penyiraman dilakukan pada siang hari, amati predator kumbang macan. Populasi diatas ambang ekonomi kendalikan dengan BVR atau PESTONA.</div><div><br></div><div>Penyakit Bercak Ungu atau Trotol, disebabkan oleh jamur Alternaria porii melalui umbi atau percikan air dari tanah. Gejala serangan ditandai terdapatnya bintik lingkaran konsentris berwarna ungu atau putih-kelabu di daun dan di tepi daun kuning serta mongering ujung-ujungnya. Serangan pada umbi sehabis panen mengakibatkan umbi busuk sampai berair dengan warna kuning hingga merah kecoklatan. Jika ada hujan rintik-rintik segera dilakukan penyiraman. Preventif dengan penebaran GLIO.</div><div><br></div><div>Penyakit Antraknose atau Otomotis, disebabkan oleh jamur Colletotricum gloesporiodes. Gejala serangan adalah ditandai terbentuknya bercak putih pada daun, selanjutnya terbentuk lekukan yang akan menyebabkan patahnya daun secara serentak (istilah Brebes: otomatis). Jika ada gejala, tanaman terserang segera dicabut dibakar dan dimusnahkan. Untuk jamur yang ada didalam tanah kendalikan dengan GLIO</div><div><br></div><div><b>Penyakit oleh virus</b></div><div><br></div><div>Gejalanya pertumbuhan kerdil, daun menguning, melengkung ke segala arah dan terkulai serta anakannya sedikit. Usahakan memakai bibit bebas virus dan pergiliran tanaman selain golongan bawang-bawangan.</div><div>Busuk umbi oleh bakteri.</div><div><br></div><div>Umbi yang terserang jadi busuk dan berbau. Biasa menyerang setelah dipanen. Usahakan tempat yang kering.</div><div><br></div><div>Busuk umbi/ leher batang oleh jamur. Bagian yang terserang jadi lunak, melekuk dan berwarna kelabu. Jaga agar tanah tidak terlalu becek (atur drainase).</div><div><br></div><div>Untuk pencegahan hama-penyakit usahakan pergiliran tanaman dengan jenis tanaman lain (bukan golongan Bawang-bawangan.</div><div><br></div><div>2. PENGELOLAAN TANAMAN</div><div><br></div><div>Penyiangan kedua dilakukan pada umur 30-35 HST dilanjutkan pendagiran, pembumbunan dan perbaikan bedengan yang rusak.</div><div><br></div><div>Penyemprotan POC NASA dengan dosis 4-5 tutup/tangki tiap 7-10 hari sekali mulai 7 hari setelah tanam hingga hari ke 50-55. Mulai hari ke 35 penyemprotan ditambah HORMONIK dengan dosis 1-2 tutup/ tangki (dicampurkan dengan NASA).</div><div>Pengairan, penyiraman 1x per hari pada pagi hari, jika ada serangan Thrips dan ada hujan rintik-rintik penyiraman dilakukan siang hari.</div><div><br></div><div><b>PEMBENTUKAN UMBI (36 – 50HST)</b></div><div><br></div><div>Pada fase pengamatan HPT sama seperti fase Vegetatif, yang perlu diperhatikan adalah pengairannya. Butuh air yang banyak pada musim kemarau sehingga perlu dilakukan penyiraman sehari dua kali yaitu pagi dan sore hari.</div><div><br></div><div><b>PEMATANGAN UMBI (51- 65 HST)</b></div><div><br></div><div>Pada fase ini tidak begitu banyak air sehingga penyiraman hanya dilakukan sehari sekali yaitu pada sore hari.</div><div><br></div><div><b>PANEN DAN PACA PANEN</b></div><div><br></div><div>1. PANEN</div><div><br></div><div>60-90 % daun telah rebah, dataran rendah pemanenan pada umur 55-70 hari, dataran tinggi umur 70 – 90 hari.</div><div><br></div><div>Panen dilakukan pada pagi hari yang cerah dan tanah tidak becek.</div><div>Pemanenan dengan pencabutan batang dan daun-daunnya. Selanjutnya 5-10 rumpun diikat menjadi satu ikatan (Jawa : dipocong).</div><div><br></div><div>2. PASCA PANEN</div><div><br></div><div>Penjemuran dengan alas anyaman bambu (Jawa : gedeg). Penjemuran pertama selama 5-7 hari dengan bagian daun menghadap ke atas, tujuannya mengeringkan daun. Penjemuran kedua selama2-3 hari dengan umbi menghadap ke atas, tujuannya untuk mengeringkan bagian umbi dan sekaligus dilakukan pembersihan umbi dari sisa kotoran atau kulit terkelupas dan tanah yang terbawa dari lapangan. Kadar air 89 85 % baru disimpan di gudang.</div><div><br></div><div>Penyimpanan, ikatan bawang merah digantungkan pada rak-rak bambu. Aerasi diatur dengan baik, suhu gudang 26-290C kelembaban 70-80%, sanitasi gudang.</div><div><br></div><div>Demikian informasi yang dapat kami sampaikan, semoga bisa dijadikan acuan untuk Anda dalam bercocok tanam bawang merah. Salam sukses !!! []</div><div><br></div><div><b>Tani Organik</b></div><div>Sumber: https://www.facebook.com/466123754161088/posts/748495162590611/</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Foto: kampustani.com</div></div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-53436980444768022002020-06-21T05:53:00.001-07:002020-06-21T06:26:02.218-07:00Cara Menjadi Muhaddits Hanya 4 Menurut Imam al-Bukhari<div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjusijFU9NOHx83wUZXMi0hPJvDESgI8w9SnxvlFtLbLcKqyo6qNV1UyjwpuULzRI7CHNYNG9wcNXNhJ0CTd3PsLKlpKF-lUHN2bj4GdBivk2SNl0lweZE4tJ85r2b8oj0gsUp1KZRPbFI/s1600/syeikh-yasin-2yhtw00z2xjobjv4da483k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjusijFU9NOHx83wUZXMi0hPJvDESgI8w9SnxvlFtLbLcKqyo6qNV1UyjwpuULzRI7CHNYNG9wcNXNhJ0CTd3PsLKlpKF-lUHN2bj4GdBivk2SNl0lweZE4tJ85r2b8oj0gsUp1KZRPbFI/s1600/syeikh-yasin-2yhtw00z2xjobjv4da483k.jpg" border="0" data-original-width="630" data-original-height="361" width="320" height="183"></a></div></div><div><br></div><div>Ibrahim bin Zaid mendatangi Imam al-Bukhari untuk belajar hadits, kemudian Imam al-Bukhari berkata:</div><div>"...Ketahuilah seseorang tidak akan menjadi Muhadddits sempurna kecuali setelah menulis 4 bersama 4, seperti 4, misal 4 dalam 4, ketika 4 di 4, di atas 4, dari 4 untuk 4, dan semua perkara 4 tadi tidak akan sempurna kecuali dengan 4 bersama 4, ketika sudah sempurna maka mudah bagi dia 4, dan akan di uji dengan 4, kalau dia sabar maka Allah akan muliakan dia di dunia dengan 4 dan di akhirat dengan 4."</div><div><br></div><div>Tafsirannya adalah:</div><div>Menulis 4:</div><div>1. Hadits Nabi dan Syariatnya;</div><div>2. Khabar Sahabat;</div><div>3. Khabar Tabi'in;</div><div>4. Khabar Ulama dan Biografinya.</div><div><br></div><div>Bersama 4:</div><div>1. Menulis nama-nama rijal;</div><div>2. Menulis kunyah;</div><div>3. Tempat mereka;</div><div>4. Waktu mereka.</div><div><br></div><div>Seperti 4:</div><div>1. Hamdalah dalam khutbah;</div><div>2. Do'a yang lambat bisa difahami;</div><div>3. Basmalah dalam surat;</div><div>4. Takbir dalam shalat.</div><div><br></div><div>Misal 4:</div><div>1. Menulis musnad;</div><div>2. Menulis mursal;</div><div>3. Menulis mauquf;</div><div>4. Menulis maqthu'.</div><div><br></div><div>Di 4:</div><div>1. Di masa kecil;</div><div>2. Di masa baligh;</div><div>3. Di masa muda;</div><div>4. Di masa tua.</div><div><br></div><div>Ketika 4:</div><div>1. Sibuk;</div><div>2. Luang;</div><div>3. Faqir;</div><div>4. Kaya/lapang.</div><div><br></div><div>Di 4:</div><div>1. Di gunung;</div><div>2. Di lautan;</div><div>3. Di kota;</div><div>4. Di padang pasir.</div><div><br></div><div>Di atas 4:</div><div>1. Di atas batu;</div><div>2. Di atas kerang;</div><div>3. Di atas kulit;</div><div>4. Di atas pundak;</div><div>Sampai dia pindahkan tulisan di atas 4 perkara tadi ke kertas-kertas.</div><div><br></div><div>Dari 4:</div><div>1. Mengambil dari senior;</div><div>2. Mengambil dari sebaya;</div><div>3. Mengambil dari junior;</div><div>4. Mengambil dari kitab ayahnya.</div><div><br></div><div>Untuk 4:</div><div>1. Mengambil hadits untuk mencari Ridha Allah;</div><div>2. Untuk mengamalkannya:</div><div>3. Menyebarkannya;</div><div>4. Menulisnya agar menghidupkan namanya sepeninggalnya.</div><div><br></div><div>Tidak akan sempurna kecuali dengan 4 dari usahanya sendiri:</div><div>1. Mengetahui cara menulis;</div><div>2. Mengetahui ilmu bahasa;</div><div>3. Mengetahui ilmu sharaf;</div><div>4. Mengetahui ilmu nahwu.</div><div><br></div><div>Dengan 4 dari pemberian Allah:</div><div>1. Kesehatan;</div><div>2. Kemampuan;</div><div>3. Semangat;</div><div>4. Hafalan.</div><div><br></div><div>Maka kalau semua sempurna maka mudah bagi dia 4 perkara:</div><div>1. Keluarga;</div><div>2. Keturunan;</div><div>3. Harta;</div><div>4. Tempat tinggal.</div><div><br></div><div>Kemudian dia akan diuji dengan 4:</div><div>1. Cacian musuh;</div><div>2. Cacian kawan;</div><div>3. Cacian orang jahil;</div><div>4. Hasad ulama.</div><div><br></div><div>Kalau dia sabar, 4 kemuliaan dunia dia dapat:</div><div>1. Kemuliaan qana'ah;</div><div>2. Kekuatan yakin;</div><div>3. Kelezatan ilmu;</div><div>4. Kehidupan yang abadi (namanya terus disebut).</div><div><br></div><div>4 kemuliaan akhirat:</div><div>1. Syafaat yang dia inginkan buat saudaranya;</div><div>2. Naungan arsy;</div><div>3. Minum dari telaga Nabi;</div><div>4. Bertetangga dengan Nabi dalam surga.</div><div><br></div><div>Sumber: Tadrib al-Rawi, Bagian ke 28. </div><div><br></div><div>(Ust. Miftah Jaelaniy, Pengajar Hadits di Ponpes Madinatul 'Ulum Bandung dan Mahad Khadimus Sunnah Bandung)</div><div><br></div><div>#TakhashshushHadits</div><div>#EmpatBulan</div><div>#Sabar #Istiqamah</div><div><br></div><div>Foto: arrahmah.com</div></div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-55005630079855361452020-06-21T05:50:00.001-07:002020-06-21T06:26:21.722-07:00Dari Mana Memulai Belajar Hadits Mulai?<br><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbNlpFnXJxYt8psLQODHs-G4DRAzIaXlnxvEWeQHOM62gISSLk1fDHEc08tJecNRsF69FzB-PKW79GzYCUXbmzRtTAbd8mOKMVaBnwLKPREGQI_WsxlzGSIduOJwedR26gw_FefQ4efo/s1600/IMG_20200621_194718_028.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbNlpFnXJxYt8psLQODHs-G4DRAzIaXlnxvEWeQHOM62gISSLk1fDHEc08tJecNRsF69FzB-PKW79GzYCUXbmzRtTAbd8mOKMVaBnwLKPREGQI_WsxlzGSIduOJwedR26gw_FefQ4efo/s1600/IMG_20200621_194718_028.jpg" border="0" data-original-width="720" data-original-height="406" width="320" height="180"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="text-align: justify; clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Belajar dari:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">1. Arbaun Nawawiyah</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">2. Umdatul Ahkam</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">3. Bulughul Maram</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">4. Riyadus Shalihin</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">5. Muntaqa </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Kemudian masuk ke kitab Musnad yaitu Kutub Sittah, dan dalam mempelajarinya ada 3 Jalan:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Jalan pertama yang masyhur diterapkan di Hijaz, dimulai dengan:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">1. Al Bukhari</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">2. Muslim</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">3. Abu Dawud</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">4. At-Tirmidzi</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">5. An-Nasai</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">6. Ibnu Majah</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Jalan kedua yang pernah di terapkan di sebagian daerah India, dimulai dengan:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">1. Al-Bukhari - 6 bulan</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">2. At-Tirmidzi - 6 bulan</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Enam bulan lagi mempelajari:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">3. Muslim</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">4. Abu Dawud</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">5. Nasai</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">6. Ibnu Majah</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Dalam jalan ini, yang dipelajari sangat mendalam adalah al-Bukhari dan at-Tirmidzi, kemudian permasalahan dalam 4 kitab lainnya di kembalikan ke Shahih al-Bukhari dan Sunan at-Tirmidzi.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Jalan ketiga yang diterapkan di Zabid dan Marawi'ah, dimulai dengan:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">1. Ibnu Majah</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">2. An-Nasai</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">3. At-Tirmidzi</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">4. Abu Dawud</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">5. Muslim</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">6. Al-Bukhari</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Dari yang terendah sampai yang terkuat.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Sumber: Syeikh Shalih Al Ushaimy</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">(Ust. Miftah Jaelany, Pengajar di Mahad Khadimus Sunnah Bandung)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Majelis Kajian Hadits Khadimus Sunnah<br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">#TakhashshushHadits</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">#KhadimusSunnah</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">#Online #Sabar #Istiqamah</div></div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-56088447555476635562020-06-08T18:09:00.001-07:002020-06-08T18:09:40.429-07:005 Psikologi Marketing untuk Meningkatkan Penjualan Bisnis<div style="text-align: justify;"><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAstMzHQ4Ixi6XmYehcPKLW9-yCfrvi6226JOc8Br1M7w-bpu4P8o0bHtNDthyphenhypheneuc5fEKodxss2OhcR74nkXZ5005deLXP679bsloXVZQAjDkzN1T-i5_YA0cHLEuwovjdHdkK0hyVgZI/s1600/rendrafr_marketing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAstMzHQ4Ixi6XmYehcPKLW9-yCfrvi6226JOc8Br1M7w-bpu4P8o0bHtNDthyphenhypheneuc5fEKodxss2OhcR74nkXZ5005deLXP679bsloXVZQAjDkzN1T-i5_YA0cHLEuwovjdHdkK0hyVgZI/s1600/rendrafr_marketing.jpg" border="0" data-original-width="1024" data-original-height="683" width="320" height="213"></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br></div><div>Banyak sekali hal yang bisa Anda lakukan untuk meningkatkan penjualan. Salah satunya dengan melakukan strategi marketing menggunakan aspek psikologi. Walau terdengar rumit, nyatanya banyak bisnis yang sukses menggunakan aspek psikologi untuk menarik pelanggan potensial. Pada dasarnya setiap manusia memiliki pemicu mental yang sama untuk mendorong sebuah tindakan. </div><div></div><div>Walaupun Anda tidak memiliki pengalaman dalam hal psikologi, beberapa hal di bawah ini bisa Anda jadikan psikologi marketing untuk meningkatkan bisnis Anda. </div><div></div><div><b>Sesuatu yang Baru Selalu Mencuri Perhatian</b></div><div></div><div>Setiap hal yang baru pasti menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi pelanggan. Berdasarkan sebuah penelitian, melihat sesuatu yang baru dapat meningkatkan hormon dopamin yang dihempaskan ke otak. Strategi ini bisa Anda terapkan untuk meraup keuntungan. Caranya yaitu dengan meng-update produk baru agar pelanggan tidak merasa bosan. Anda harus terus mencari inspirasi agar tercipta ide kreatif untuk menciptakan hal yang baru. </div><div></div><div><b>Tanamkan Rasa Timbal Balik</b></div><div></div><div>Dengan memberikan pengalaman menyenangkan maka dapat menimbulkan hubungan timbal balik antara bisnis Anda dan pelanggan. Strategi ini bisa Anda lakukan dengan memberi sample makanan atau memberi tambahan atau bonus pada produk Anda. Sehingga pada akhirnya mereka merasa perlu memberikan testimoni yang menarik atau melakukan pembelian kembali.</div><div></div><div><b>Testimoni Sebagai Bukti</b></div><div></div><div>Pada saat membeli suatu barang, biasanya pelanggan akan mengecek testimoninya terlebih dahulu. Jika testimoninya memuaskan, maka mereka akan membelinya, begitu pula sebaliknya. Anda dapat mencantumkan setiap testimoni positif agar pelanggan tertarik. Hal tersebut perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kepercayaan dari para pelanggan. Strategi ini telah terbukti efektif. </div><div></div><div><b>Kenyamanan adalah Segalanya</b></div><div></div><div>Psikologi marketing bisa dengan menerapkan prinsip mengutamakan kenyamanan. Bisnis yang memberikan kenyamanan bagi para pelanggannya pastinya akan banyak dikunjungi oleh pelanggan. Kenyamanan yang paling utama bisa ditonjolkan dari segi pelayanan, kemudahan bertransaksi, ataupun dari tampilan website atau aplikasi. Pastikan bisnis Anda bersih, rapi, dan responsif. Semua informasi yang diperlukan oleh pelanggan harus diberikan secara jelas. </div><div></div><div><b>Urgensi dapat Mempercepat Keputusan Pembelian</b></div><div></div><div>Pada saat situasi yang mendesak membuat seseorang membuat keputusan dengan lebih cepat. Konsep tersebut cukup dipercayai oleh banyak bisnis di dunia. Anda pasti pernah menjumpai diskon yang hanya berlangsung beberapa hari, kata-kata koleksi terbatas, atau produk tinggal sedikit. Hal ini adalah strategi marketing yang memanfaatkan aspek psikologi.</div><div></div><div>Itulah 5 strategi psikologi marketing yang cukup efektif. Temukan apa yang pelanggan sukai dan apa yang menarik perhatian mereka.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>....</div><div><br></div><div>Sumber:</div><div>Program Belajar Akademi Reseller</div><div>Sekolah Selling #10</div></div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6180443758109251110.post-24022174033436495792020-06-06T02:23:00.001-07:002020-06-06T03:25:04.599-07:00KEHUJJAHAN HADITS PUASA ENAM HARI BULAN SYAWAL<div style="text-align: justify;"><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUV1Yhx3gI7iSC7ht1QGawJx6mRIRXDvRKUwDPHYBTybaTy5mdR7CzVLUx8nua38o9lz_fCpGeanEWYbCtuk_yEaVvSTlqREN3RJMTc-dMjR67r20OFulCfhYjLZ1GOBTu5tzgYckBkmQ/s1600/5-golongan-orang-yang-boleh-membatalkan-puasa-lWlnsdJGkv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUV1Yhx3gI7iSC7ht1QGawJx6mRIRXDvRKUwDPHYBTybaTy5mdR7CzVLUx8nua38o9lz_fCpGeanEWYbCtuk_yEaVvSTlqREN3RJMTc-dMjR67r20OFulCfhYjLZ1GOBTu5tzgYckBkmQ/s1600/5-golongan-orang-yang-boleh-membatalkan-puasa-lWlnsdJGkv.jpg" border="0" data-original-width="800" data-original-height="500" width="320" height="200"></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><br></div><div>Ada sebagian pihak yang mengatakan bahwa hadits puasa enam hari di bulan Syawal adalah dhaif dan tak layak diamalkan. Benarkah demikian?</div><div><br></div><div>Jika kita mengkaji hadits ini, maka akan tampil peta pembahasan yang amat panjang dan cukup melelahkan. Belum lagi kalau ditinjau dari sisi fiqihnya. Berikut adalah deskripsi ringkasnya:</div><div><br></div><div><b>Pertama, hadits Abu Ayyub al-Anshari radhiyallahu 'anhu:</b></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ: مَنْ صَامَ رَمَضَانَ ثُمَّ أَتْبَعَهُ سِتًّا مِنْ شَوَّالٍ كَانَ كَصِيَامِ الدَّهْرِ</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Hadits dari Abu Ayyub ini diriwayatkan dengan empat jalan.</div><div><br></div><div><b>Jalan pertama:</b></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">سَعْد بْن سَعِيد بْنِ قَيْسٍ، و يحيى بْن سَعِيد بْنِ قَيْسٍ، وعبد ربه بْن سَعِيد بْنِ قَيْسٍ، وصفوان ابن سُلَيم مقرونا بسعد بن سعيد</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Semuanya dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">عُمَرَ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْخَزْرَجِىِّ عَنْ أَبِى أَيُّوبَ الأَنْصَارِي رضي الله عنه به نحوه</div><div><br></div><div>Jalan pertama ini diriwayatkan oleh Imam Muslim dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">يَحْيَى ابْن أَيُّوب وَقُتَيْبَةَ بْن سَعِيدٍ وَعَلِىّ بْنُ حُجْرٍ جَمِيعًا عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ ابْنُ جَعْفَرٍ. وعن ابن نمير عن أبيه. وعن أبي بكر بن أبي شيبة، عن عبد الله بن المبارك</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Demikian pula jalan pertama ini diriwayatkan oleh Imam Abu Nu'aim dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">علي بن هارون، عن محمد ابن السري القنطري، عن أبي همام، عن: (أبيه، وحفص، وابن المبارك، وأبي معاوية وأبي أسامة وإسماعيل بن جعفر) جميعاً</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam al-Tirmidzi dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">عن أَحْمَد بْن مَنِيعٍ عن أَبُي مُعَاوِيَةَ</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam al-Nasa'i dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">أحمد بن يحيى، عن إسحاق، عن حسن بن صايح، عن محمد بن عمرو الليثي. وعن أحمد بن عبد الله بن الحكم، عن محمد بن جعفر، عن شعبة، عن ورقاء</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam Ibnu Majah dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">علي بن محمد، عن عبد الله ابن نمير</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam Ahmad dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">أبي معاوية. وابن نمير.وعن محمد بن جعفر،عن شعبة، عن ورقاء</div><div><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam al-Humaidi dari: </div><div>سفيان</div><div><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam Abu Dawud al-Thayalisi dari: </div><div>ورقاء</div><div><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam Abdurrazaq dari:</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">داود بن قيس. وعن أبي بكر بن محمد بن أبي سبرة</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam Ibnu Abi Syaibah dari: </div><div>عبد الله بن المبارك</div><div><br></div><div>Diriwayatkan pula oleh Imam Ibnu Humaid dari: </div><div>محاضر بن المورع</div><div><br></div><div>Jika digabungkan, semua jalannya dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">سَعْد بْن سَعِيد بْنِ قَيْسٍ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْخَزْرَجِىِّ عَنْ أَبِى أَيُّوبَ الأَنْصَارِى رضي الله عنه به نحوه</div><div><br></div><div>Kecuali riwayat Imam al-Humaidi, Imam Abu Dawud al-Thayalisi dan Imam Abdurrazaq termasuk yang meriwayatkan secara mauquf dari Abu Ayyub al-Anshari. </div><div><br></div><div><b>Jalan kedua:</b></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">:يحيى بن سعيد</div><div style="text-align: right;">- فرواه النسائي عن هشام بن عمار، عن عبد الله بن خالد، عن عتبة، عن عبد الملك بن أبي بكر.</div><div style="text-align: right;">- والحميدي عن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم الصائغ.</div><div style="text-align: right;">- والطبراني عن إسحاق بن أبي حسان الأنماطي، وأحمد بن المعلى الدمشقي، كلاهما عن هشام بن عمار، (عن صدقة بن خالد، ويحيى بن حمزة)، كلاهما عن أبي حكيم الهذلي وعتبة ابن أبي حكيم، كلاهما عن عبد الملك بن أبي بكر.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Semua jalan kedua ini dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">عُمَرَ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْخَزْرَجِىِّ عَنْ أَبِى أَيُّوبَ رضي الله عنه به نحوه</div><div><br></div><div><b>Jalan ketiga:</b></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">عبد ربه بن سعيد: فرواه النسائي عن محمد بن عبد الله بن عبد الحكم، عن أبي عبد الرحمن المقرئ، عن شعبة بن الحجاج عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْخَزْرَجِىِّ عَنْ أَبِي أَيُّوبَ الأَنْصَارِي رضي الله عنه موقوفاً عليه. بلفظ: "... فكأنما صام السنة كلها".</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div><b>Jalan keempat</b>:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">صفوان بن سليم مقرونا بسعد بن سعيد: فرواه أبو داود عن النفيلي. والنسائي عن خلاد بن أسلم. والدارمي عن نعيم بن حماد. والحميدي. وابن حبان عن عبد الله بن محمد الأزدي، عن إسحاق بن إبراهيم. وابن خزيمة عن أحمد ابن عبدة</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Semua jalan keempat ini dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">عبد العزيز الدراوردي عَنْ صفوان ابن سُلَيم وسعد بن سعيد عن عُمَرَ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْخَزْرَجِىِّ عَنْ أَبِى أَيُّوبَ الأَنْصَارِي رضي الله عنه به نحوه</div><div><br></div><div><b>Dari hadits Abu Ayyub al-Anshari saja melahirkan setidaknya empat medan kajian: </b>1. Ikhtilaf ulama jarh wa ta'dil dalam menilai Sa'd bin Sa'id, 2. Penilaian tafarrud Sa'd bin Sa'id, 3. Masalah mauqufnya beberapa jalur, 4. Kritik matan terkait dengan tasybih dengan puasa Ramadhan, dll.</div><div><br></div><div>Semua masalah tersebut bisa saya jelaskan di tulisan terpisah atau di meja diskusi khusus terkait kritik sanad dan matan hadits. In sya Allah saya bisa hadirkan penjelasannya secara memadai di lain kesempatan. </div><div><br></div><div>Secara ringkas, setelah meneliti secara seksama terkait hadits Abu Ayyub al-Anshari, hadits ini terdapat pada hadits bab (ashl), bukan hadits far'u, yang dikuatkan dengan hadits dari jalur lainnya. </div><div><br></div><div>Adapun kritik terhadap rawi Sa'd bin Sa'id, sesungguhnya terjadi perbedaan penilaian ulama antara yang menilai jarh dan ta'dil. Berikut deskripsinya:</div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>1. Penilaian ta'dil dari para ulama hadits:</b></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">وثقه ابن سعد[1]، والعجلي[2]، وابن عمار[3]، وابن شاهين[4]، وقال ابن معين في رواية الكوسج عنه: "صالح"[5]، وقال ابن أبي حاتم: سمعت أبي يقول: سعد بن سعيد الأنصاري مُودي-يعني أنه كان لا يحفظ، يؤدي ما سمع-[6]، قال ابن القطان الفاسي: "اختلف في ضبط هذه اللفظة فمنهم من يخففها أي هالك ومنهم من يشددها أي حسن الأداء"[7]وذكره ابن حبان في الثقات، وفي المشاهير وقال: من جِلة الأنصار[8]، وقال ابن عدي: "ولسعد بن سعيد أحاديث صالحة تقرب من الاستقامة ولا أرى بأسا بمقدار ما يرويه"[9]، وذكره ابن خلفون في الثقات، وقال الدارقطني: "ليس به بأس"[10]، وقال الذهبي في المغني:"حسن الحديث"[11]، وفي الكاشف: "صدوق"[12]، وفي السير: "أحد الثقات"[13]، وذكره في: من تكلم فيه وهو موثّق، وقال: "وثق"[14]، وقال ابن الملقن: "فيه خلاف مشهور، بل الأكثر على توثيقه"[15]، وقال ابن حجر: صدوق سيئ الحفظ[16</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>2.</b> <b>Penilaian jarh dari para ulama hadits:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">ضعفه يحيي بن معين- في رواية ثالثة عنه-[17]، وأحمد بن حنبل[18]، والعقيلي[19]، والنسائي[20]، وقال الترمذي: "تكلم بعض أهل الحديث فيه من قبل حفظه"[21]، وقال النسائي وابن الجوزي: "ليس بالقوي"[22]، وقال أبو علي الطوسي: "تكلموا فيه" وقال ابن حبان: كان رديء الحفظ؛ وقال أيضاً: وكان يخطئ إذا حدث من حفظه[23]، ونقل ابن الجوزي والمتقي الهندي عن ابن حبان أنه قال: "لا يحتج بحديثه"[24]، وقال ابن القطان الفاسي: "ضعيف، ولكن معنى ذلك أنه بالنسبة إلى من فوقه، وبالقياس إلى من هو أقوى منه"[25]، وقال ابن حزم: ضعيف جدا، لا يحتج به لا خلاف في ذلك[26</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div><b>Tarjih antara jarh dan ta'dil:</b></div><div><br></div><div>Dengan meneliti biografi Sa'd bin Sa'id, kita menemukan bahwa jumlah ulama yang menilai tsiqah lebih banyak daripada yang menilai cela. Tentu saja itu bukan patokan. Hanya saja, penilaian dhaif dari para ulama tidak bersifat mutlak. Semata merupakan muqaranah diantara di antara orang: Yahya dan Abdu Rabbih, dimana keduanya lebih tsiqah daripadanya, tanpa ada khilaf. Demikian apa yang disampaika oleh Imam Ahmad dan Imam al-Nasa'i. Imam Nasa'i sepertinya mengikuti Imam Ahmad dalam menilai Sa'd bin Sa'id[27].</div><div><br></div><div>Saya juga telah mengkaji penilaian jarh dari Ibnu Sa'ad:</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">[28]كان ثقة قليل الحديث دون أخيه</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Demikian juga telah mengkaji penilaian jarh Ibnu al-Qathan:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">وكل من في هذا الإسناد ثقة إلا سعد بن سعيد أخا يحيى وعبد ربه ابني سعيد الأنصاريين فإنه ضعيف، ولكن معنى ذلك أنه بالنسبة إلى من فوقه، وبالقياس إلى من هو أقوى منه</div><div style="text-align: right;">[28]</div><div><br></div><div>Saya sudah mengkaji pernyataan Imam al-Tirmidzi.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">تكلم بعض أهل الحديث فيه من قبل حفظه[30</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>dimana ini adalah pernyataan umum dan tidak menyebutkan orang yang dibicarakan di dalamnya. Dimana Imam al-Tirmidzi sendiri menilai hasan shahih:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">حديث حسن صحيح، وقد استحب قوم صيام ستة أيام من شوال بهذا الحديث[31</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Saya telah mencermati penilaian Yahya bin Ma'in yang mendhaifkan Sa'd bin Sa'id:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">فإنه معارض بالرواية الأخرى، فقد قال عنه في الرواية الثانية: صالح[32</div><div><br></div><div>Saya telah menelaah ungkapan Ibnu Hibban yang mengatakan bahwa Sa'd bin Sa'id buruk hafalannya. Pada sisi lain, sesungguhnya Ibnu Hibban telah menyebutkan dalam kitabnya "al-Tsiqat":</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">من جِلة الأنصار، وقال -أيضاً-: لم يفحش خطأه فلذلك سلكناه مسلك العدول[33</div><div><br></div><div>Saya juga telah menelaah kutipan Ibn al-Jauzi dari Ibnu Hibban bahwa Sa'd bin Sa'id: لا يحتج به Dimana disini ada wahm ketika rawi yang dimaksud Ibnu Hibban adalah سعد بن سعيد بن أبي سعيد المقبري. Ibnu Hibban sendiri telah menjelaskan namanya secara lengkap pada kitabnya, "al-Majruhin"[34].</div><div><br></div><div>Demikian juga saya telah mencermati penilaian dhaif dari Ibnu Hazm terhadap Sa'd bin Sa'id, berikut bantahan Ibnu al-Mulaqin atasnya. Ibnu Hazm mengatakan:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">لا يسند إلا من طريق: سعد بن سعيد أخي يحيى بن سعيد، وهو ضعيف جداً لا يحتج به بلا خلاف، وأخوه يحيى إمام ثقة</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Sementara faktanya Imam al-Baihaqi telah meriwayatkan dari saudaranya, Yahya, dan Imam Ibnu Hibban menilainya shahih. Sehingga ungkapan "لا يسند إلا من طريق سعد" terbukti tidak cermat. Tidak akurat pula pernyataan "لا يحتج به بلا خلاف" karena faktanya khilaf terkait Sa'd bin Sa'id sangat masyhur, bahkan yang men-tautsiq jumlahnya lebih banyak lagi[35].</div><div><br></div><div><i>Setelah mengkaji secara terperinci atas argumentasi yang mendhaifkan dan menguatkan Sa'd bin Sa'id, sampailah pada kesimpulan bahwa Sa'd bin Sa'id adalah <b>laa ba'sa bihi dan hasan al-hadits.</b></i></div><div><br></div><div><i><b>Kondisi tafarrud juga dapa</b>t dijawab dengan adanya tabi'. Bahkan tabi'nya adalah saudaranya yakni Yahya dan Abdu Rabbih, demikian juga dengan Shafwan bin Sulaim.</i></div><div><br></div><div>Tabi' dari Sa'd bin Sa'id adalah Yahya bin Sa'id dalam riwayat Imam Nasa'i. Di dalamnya ada Utbah bin Abi Hakim. Meskipun seorang yang mukhtalif tetapi ada tabi'nya yakni Abu Hakim al-Hudziliy. Keduanya dari Abul Malik bin Abi Bakr dalam riwayat Imam Thabarani.</div><div><br></div><div>Demikian juga dengan tabi' Yahya bin Sa'id dalam riwayat al-Humaidi dari jalan Ismail bin Ibrahim.</div><div><br></div><div>Adapun Abdu Rabbih bin Sa'id adalah tabi' Sa'd di dalam riwayat Imam al-Nasa'i (semuanya tsiqah) dari jalan:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">محمد بن عبد الله بن عبد الحكم، عن أبي عبد الرحمن المقرئ، عن شعبة بن الحجاج عن عبد ربه به</div><div><br></div><div>Adapun mutaba'ah Shafwan bin Sulaim, muaranya kepada Abdul Aziz al-Darawardi, dia seorang shaduq[36]. Jalan periwayatan yang jumlahnya banyak ini dapat kita temukan dalam riwayat al-Humaidi, Abu Dawud dari al-Nafili, al-Nasa'i dari Khalad bin Aslam, Ibnu Khuzaimah dari Ahmad bin Ubadah, dan Ibnu Hibban dari Abdullah bin Azdi dari Ishaq bin Ibrahim. Semuanya dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">عبد العزيز الدراوردي عَنْ صفوان بن سليم وسعد بن سعيد عن عُمَرَ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْخَزْرَجِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي أَيُّوبَ الأَنْصَارِي رضي الله عنه به نحوه</div><div><br></div><div><b>Adapun masalah kemauqufan sebagian jalan hadits ini, dengan mudah dapat dijawab dengan banyaknya jalan periwayatan lain yang maushul. </b>Menunjukkan dengan sangat jelas bahwa Abu Ayyub dari Nabi صلى الله عليه وسلم di banyak riwayat.</div><div><br></div><div>Itu baru hadits pertama dari shahabat Abu Ayyub al-Anshari. Masih ada hadits lainnya. Saya juga cukupkan kajian ini pada kritik sanad. Analisis matan seperti tasybih dengan puasa Ramadhan, konsep ittiba', dll tidak saya bahas karena ruang dan kesempatan yang sangat terbatas. </div><div><br></div><div><b>Kedua, hadits Tsauban Maula Rasulullah صلى الله عليه وسلم</b></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: «من صام رمضان وستاً من شوال فقد صام السنة»، وفي رواية أخرى بلفظ: «من صام رمضان فشهر بعشرة أشهر، وصيام ستة أيام بعد الفطر فذلك تمام صيام السنة</div><div style="text-align: right;">».</div><div><br></div><div>Semua rawinya tsiqah:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">يحيى بن الحارث الذماري -وهو ثقة-[37]، ورواه عن أبي أسماء الرحبي -وهو ثقة أيضاً[38]- عن ثوبان مولى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم به</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Dalam riwayat yang lain:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">يحيى بن الحارث عن أبي الأشعث الصنعاني عن أبي أسماء. وأبو الأشعث الصنعاني ثقة -أيضاً-[39</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div><b>Hadits Tsauban jalur pertama</b> ini diriwayatkan oleh beberapa ulama hadits:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">- ابن حبان عن الحسين ابن إدريس الأنصاري، عن هشام بن عمار، عن الوليد ابن مسلم.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">- الطبراني عن المقدام بن داود، عن أسد بن موسى، عن الوليد بن مسلم، عن ثور ابن يزيد. وعن إبراهيم بن محمد بن عرق الحمصي، عن محمد بن مصفى، عن بقية بن الوليد، عن ثور بن يزيد.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">- الطبراني عن موسى بن هارون، عن إسحاق بن راهويه، وعن الحسين بن إسحاق عن علي ابن بحر، كلاهما -إسحاق وعلي- عن سويد بن عبدالعزيز.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">- البيهقي عن علي بن أحمد بن عبدان، عن أحمد ابن عبيد الصفار، عن أحمد بن عمرو البزاز، عن محمد بن عقبة السدوسي، عن الوليد بن مسلم. </div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">قال البيهقي: ورواه يحيى بن حمزة عن يحيى ابن الحارث سمع أبا أسماء عن ثوبان لم يذكر أبا الأشعث في إسناده.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Hadits Tsauban jalur kedua</b> diriwayatkan oleh beberapa ulama hadits:</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">- النسائي عن الربيع بن سليمان، عن يحيى بن حسان، يحيى بن حمزة. وعن محمود بن خالد، عن محمد بن شعيب بن شابور.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">- أحمد عن الحكم بن نافع، عن ابن عياش.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">- الدارمي عن يحيى بن حسان، عن يحيى بن حمزة.</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">- ابن خزيمة عن سعيد بن عبد الله بن عبد الحكم والحسين بن نصر بن المبارك المصريان كلاهما عن يحيى بن حسان، عن يحيى بن حمزة</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Semua sanadnya dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">يحيى بن الحارث الذماري، عن أبي أسماء عن ثوبان رضي الله عنه به مثله</div><div><br></div><div>Jalan pertama sanad hadits Tsauban ini bermasalah pada sebagian rijalnya. Hanya saja satu sama lainnya saling menguatkan karena kedhaifannya tidak parah. Merujuk tahsin Imam al-Tirmidzi, hadits ini dinilai hasan lighairihi[40].</div><div><br></div><div>Adapun jalan kedua hadits ini isnadnya shahih khususnya dari jalan Imam al-Nasa'i, al-Darimi, dan Ibnu Khuzaimah. </div><div><br></div><div><b>Ketiga, hadits Jabir bin Abdullah al-Anshari radhiyallahu 'anhu:</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div style="text-align: right;">أنه سَمِعَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ: «مَنْ صَامَ رَمَضَانَ وَسِتًّا مِنْ شَوَّالٍ فَكَأَنَّمَا صَامَالسَّنَةَ كُلَّهَا</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Hadits ketiga ini diriwayatkan dengan banyak jalan. Semuanya bermuara pada Abu Zur'ah 'Amr bin Jabir al-Hadhrami. Penilaian terhadapnya adalah sebagai berikut:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">هو مختلف فيه، ويغلب عليه الضعف بسبب تشيعه وقوله في علي رضي الله عنه كلاماً لا يصح قوله[41</div><div><br></div><div>Tetapi hadits ini menjadi kuat dengan adanya syawahid. Syaikh Syu'aib mengatakan terhadap hadits ini yang diriwayatka Imam Ahmad:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">صحيح لغيره وهذا إسناد ضعيف؛ لضعف عمرو بن جابر الحضرمي، وباقي رجاله ثقات رجال الشيخين[42</div><div><br></div><div><b>Keempat, hadits Abu Hurairah <i>radhiyallahu 'anhu</i></b></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: "من صام رمضان وأتبعه بست من شوال فكأنما صام الدهر كله"، وفي رواية أخرى: "من صام ستة أيام بعد الفطر متتابعة فكأنما صام السنة كلها</div><div style="text-align: right;">"</div><div><b>Jalan pertama, </b>disebutkan oleh Imam al-Haitsami dalam Majma' al-Zawa'id. </div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">قال: رواه البزار، وله طرق رجال بعضها رجال الصحيح[43</div><div><br></div><div>Meskipun sebenarnya riwayat ini tidak kita temukan dalam Musnad al-Bazar. </div><div><br></div><div><b>Jalan kedua,</b> diriwayatkan oleh Imam al-Thabarani, dengan jalan dari:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">محمد بن إسحاق بن إبراهيم ابن شاذان، عن أبيه، عن سعد بن الصلت، الحسن بن عمرو الفقيمي، عن يزيد بن خصيفة، عن ثوبان عن أبي هريرة به</div><div style="text-align: right;">. </div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Al-Haitsami dalam Majma' al-Zawa'id mengatakan:</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">فيه من لم أعرفه[44</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div><b>Kelima, hadits Ibnu Abbas dan Jabir <i>radhiyallahu 'anhum</i></b></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: "من صام رمضان وأتبعه ستا من شوال صام السنة كلها</div><div style="text-align: right;">"</div><div><br></div><div>Hadits dengan jalan ini diriwayatkan oleh Imam al-Thabarani dari: </div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">عبيد الله بن محمد بن شبيب القرشي، عن أبيه، عن بكار بن الوليد الضبي، عن يحيى بن سعيد المازني، عن عمرو بن دينار، عن مجاهد به</div><div style="text-align: right;">.</div><div><br></div><div>Imam al-Thabarani berkomentar:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">لَمْ يروِ هذا الحديث عن عمرو بن دينار إلا يحيى بن سعيد المازني[45</div><div><br></div><div>Kalau diteliti, Yahya bin Sa'id meriwayatkan haditsnya dari Amr bin Dinar, tidak mahfuzh dan termasuk yang tidak ma'ruf (dikenal). Bahkan al-Haitsami menilainya matruk[46].</div><div><br></div><div><b>Keenam, hadits Ibnu Umar <i>radhiyallahu 'anhuma. </i></b></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: "من صام رمضان وأتبعه ستا من شوال خرج من ذنوبه كيوم ولدته أمه</div><div style="text-align: right;">"</div><div><br></div><div>Imam al-Thabarani meriwayatkan hadits ini dalam Mu'jam al-Ausath dengan jalur:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">مسعود بن محمد الرملي، عن عمران بن هارون، عن مسلمة بن علي، عن أبي عبد الله الحمصي، عن نافع، به</div><div style="text-align: right;">"</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Imam al-Thabarani berkomentar:</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">لم يرو هذا الحديث عن نافع إلا أبو عبد الله الحمصي تفرد به مسلمة بن علي[47</div><div><br></div><div>Para ulama hadits menilai hadits dengan jalan ini munkar, dan Maslamah bin Aliy dinilai matruk. Matan hadits ini berselisih dengan semua riwayat lainnya[48].</div><div><br></div><div><b>Kehujjahan Hadits Puasa Syawal</b></div><div><br></div><div><b>Setelah kita meneliti semua jalan hadits puasa enam hari bulan Syawal, kita menemukan ada riwayat yang shahih dan ada juga yang dhaif. </b>Hadits Abu Ayyub al-Anshari yang diriwayatkan Imam Muslim dalam kitab shahihnya adalah yang paling kokoh. Hal itu karena Imam Muslim meriwayatkan dari tiga jalan, di mana semuanya bersumber dari Sa'd bin Sa'id. </div><div><br></div><div><b><i>Persoalan penilaian atas Sa'd bin Sa'id mengantarkan pada kesimpulan bahwa beliau adalah rawi dengan ta'dil "laa ba'sa bihi", dan beliau juga tafarrud (menyendiri dalam meriwayatkan) dari Umar bin Tsabit, tetapi dikuatkan oleh tabi' dari para rawi tsiqah.</i></b></div><div><br></div><div>Matan hadits ini dapat kita temukan dari berbagai jalan yang jumlahnya banyak, selain dari jalan Sa'd bin Sa'id. Karena banyaknya jalan periwayatan hadits ini, <b>sebagian ulama mengelompokkan pada hadits mutawatir. </b>Imam Al-Kattani dalam kitab نظم المتناثر من الحديث المتواتر dan Imam al-Suyuthi dalam kitab الأزهار المتناثرة في الأحاديث المتواترة menyebutkan hadits ini dalam gugusan hadits mutawatir dari delapan orang shahabat, yaitu:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">أبو أيوب الأنصاري، وجابر بن عبد الله، وثوبان مولى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وابن عباس وابن عمر، والبراء بن عازب، وغنام، وعائشة-رضي الله عنهم جميعاً</div><div><br></div><div>Semuanya dengan lafazh yang saling berdekatan[49].</div><div><br></div><div><b>Imam Muslim menjadikan hadits ini sebagai pokok (ashl) dalam babnya. Adalah manhaj Imam Muslim menyebutkan riwayat yang selamat dari kritik dalam hadits bab (ashl).</b> Pada muqaddimah kitabnya beliau mengatakan:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">فإنا نتوخى أن نقدم الأخبار التي هي أسلم من العيوب من غيرها، وأنقى من أن يكون ناقلوها أهل استقامة في الحديث، وإتقان لما نقلوا، لم يوجد في روايتهم اختلاف شديد، ولا تخليط فاحش... فإن نحن تقصينا أخبار هذا الصنف من الناس أتبعنا أخباراً يقع في أسانيدها بعض من ليس بالموصوف بالحفظ والإتقان كالصنف المقدم قبلهم[50</div><div><br></div><div>Berdasarkan pemaparan sebelumnya, <b>maka ketika Abu Nu'aim al-Asbahani telah mengeluarkan hadits ini dalam kitab Mustakhrajnya, ini menunjukkan selamatnya hadits tersebut dari illat (cacat tersembunyi).</b> Sebagaimana penjelasan al-Hafizh Ibnu Hajar al-Asqalani: </div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">كل علةٍ أُعلّ بها حديث في أحد الصحيحين جاءت رواية المستخرج سالمة منها [51</div><div><br></div><div>Makin kokoh lagi dengan tash-hih dari para ulama hadits seperti:</div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: right;">الترمذي[52]، وابن حبان[53]، والدار قطني[54]، والنووي[55]، والهيثمي[56]، والقرطبي[57]، وابن القيم[58]، والمباركفوري[59]، والخطيب التبريزي[60]، ومحمد بن مفلح المقدسي[61</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br></div><div>Demikian juga penilaian shahih dari salah seorang ulama hadits kontemporer syaikh Syu'aib al-Arna'uth[62].</div><div><br></div><div><b><i>Kesimpulannya, derajat hadits puasa enam hari bulan Syawal secara kolektif adalah shahih dan layak dijadikan sebagai hujjah. Sesungguhnya hadits dari Abu Ayyub al-Anshari radhiyallahu 'anhu shahih dan layak dijadikan sebagai hujjah. Demikian juga hadits Tsauban radhiyallahu 'anhu. Adapun jalan yang lain menjadi syawahid yang menguatkan keduanya, kecuali riwayat yang kedhaifannya parah dan menyelisihi matan riwayat lainnya seperti hadits Ibnu Umar. Wallahu a'lam.</i></b></div><div><br></div><div><b><i>Oleh: Yuana </i><i>Riyan Tresna </i></b></div><div><i>Sukabumi, 4 Syawal 1439 H, dalam Perjalanan ke Pesantren Yatim Nyalindung</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Sumber: </i></div><div><i>https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=3291977904160128&id=1294822033875735<br></i></div><div><br></div><div>===</div><div>[1] قال ابن سعد: "ثقة، قليل الحديث، دون أخيه. ذكر ذلك بعد ترجمة أخيه عبد ربه" ينظر: (الطبقات الكبرى- القسم المتمم-1 /339)، وتهذيب الكمال (10 /264).</div><div>[2] معرفة الثقات (1 /389) وتهذيب التهذيب (3 /408).</div><div>[3] تاريخ أسماء الثقات (1 /96)، تهذيب التهذيب (3 /408).</div><div>[4] تاريخ أسماء الثقات (1 /96).</div><div>[5] تهذيب الكمال (10 /264).</div><div>[6] الجرح والتعديل (2 /84).</div><div>[7] علي بن محمد بن عبد الملك ابن القطان، الوهم والإيهام الواقعين في كتاب الأحكام، تحقيق: الحسين آيت سعيد (3 /34) ويبدو أنه اختار المعنى الثاني: "حسن الأداء" لأنه حسّن حديثه.</div><div>[8] الثقات (4 /298و6 /379)، ومشاهير علماء الأمصار (1/75 و136).</div><div>[9] الكامل في الضعفاء لابن عدي (3 /352).</div><div>[10] من تكلم فيه وهو موثق (1 /83).</div><div>[11] المغني في الضعفاء للذهبي (1 /254).</div><div>[12] الكاشف (1 /428).</div><div>[13] سير أعلام النبلاء (5 /482).</div><div>[14] من تكلم فيه وهو موثق (1 /83).</div><div>[15] خلاصة البدر المنير (2 /99).</div><div>[16] تقريب التهذيب (1 /231).</div><div>[17] تهذيب الكمال (10 /264).</div><div>[18] في رواية ابنيه: عبد الله، وصالح، ينظر: العلل ومعرفة الرجال (1 /513)، وسنن النَّسائي الكبرى (2/ 163)، والكامل (3 /352)، وبحر الدم (1/169)، والجرح والتعديل (4 /84)، ومن تكلم فيه وهو موثق (1/83).</div><div>[19] الضعفاء الكبير للعقيلي (2 /117).</div><div>[20] سنن النسائي الكبرى (2 /163).</div><div>[21] جامع الترمذي (2 /132).</div><div>[22] الضعفاء والمتروكين للنسائي (1 /53)، والضعفاء والمتروكين لابن الجوزي (1 /311).</div><div>[23] الثقات (4 /298 و6 /379)، وتهذيب التهذيب (3 /408).</div><div>[24] الضعفاء والمتروكين لابن الجوزي (1 /311)، والتحقيق في أحاديث الخلاف (1 /445)، والجوهر النقي (2 /456).</div><div>[25] الوهم والإيهام (5 /377-378).</div><div>[26] المحلى (11 /40).</div><div>[27] العلل ومعرفة الرجال (1 /513). وسنن النسائي الكبرى (1 /141) بعد حديث رقم (316).</div><div>[28] الطبقات الكبرى -القسم المتمم- (1 /339).</div><div>[29] الوهم والإيهام (5 /377-378).</div><div>[30] جامع الترمذي (2 /132).</div><div>[31] جامع الترمذي (3 /132).</div><div>[32] تهذيب الكمال (10 /264)</div><div>[33] ابن حبان، أبو حاتم محمد بن حبان بن أحمد التميمي البستي، صحيح ابن حبان بترتيب ابن بلبان، تحقيق: شعيب الأرنؤوط، مؤسسة الرسالة (8 /396).</div><div>[34] المجروحين (1 /357).</div><div>[35] عمر بن علي ابن الملقن، خلاصة البدر المنير، تحقيق حمدي السلفي (2 /99).</div><div>[36] كان مالك يوثق الدراوردي، وقال أحمد بن حنبل: كان معروفا بالطلب وإذا حدث من كتابه فهو صحيح، وإذا حدث من كتب الناس، وقال الدوري عن ابن معين: الدراوردي أثبت من فليح وابن أبي الزناد وأبي أويس وقال بن أبي خيثمة عن ابن معين: ليس به بأس وقال أحمد بن أبي مريم عن بن معين: ثقة حجة، وقال أبو زرعة: سيء الحفظ ربما حدث من حفظه الشيء فيخطيء، وقال بن أبي حاتم سئل أبي عن يوسف بن الماجشون والداروردي فقال عبد العزيز محدث ويوسف شيخ، وقال النسائي: ليس بالقوي وقال في موضع آخر: ليس به بأس وحديثه عن عبيد الله ابن عمر منكر، وقال ابن سعد: ولد بالمدينة ونشأ بها وسمع بها العلم والأحاديث ولم يزل بها حتى توفي سنة 187ﻫ، وكان ثقة كثير الحديث (تهذيب التهذيب، 6 /315).</div><div>[37] قال ابن معين: ثقة، وقال أبو حاتم: "ثقة عالما بالقراءة"، وقال ابن حبان: "من الاثبات في الروايات" ينظر: (الجرح والتعديل 9 /135)، ومشاهير علماء الأمصار (1 /119).</div><div>[38] وثقه العجلي، والذهبي، وابن حجر. ينظر: معرفة الثقات (2 /382)، والثقات (5 /179)، والكاشف (2 /88)، وتهذيب التهذيب (8 /78)، وتقريب التهذيب (1 /426).</div><div>[39] هو: شراحيل بن آده بالمد وتخفيف الدال أبو الأشعث الصنعاني، وهو ثقة؛ وثقه العجلي، والذهبي، وابن حجر، وقال ابن حبان: "كان متقنا" (معرفة الثقات 2 /382)، و(مشاهير علماء الأمصار 1 /113) (تهذيب التهذيب 4 /280)، والكاشف (1 /482)، والتقريب (1 /264)</div><div>[40] الحسين بن إدريس: ضعيف، وهشام بن عمار: صدوق اختلط بأخرة، والوليد بن مسلم: ثقة مدلس، ويحيى ابن الحارث: ثقة، وأبو أسماء الرحبي: ثقة، والمقدام بن داود: ليس بثقة، وأسد بن موسى: ثقة، وثور بن يزيد: ثقة، وإبراهيم بن محمد بن عرق: غير معتمد، ومحمد بن مصفى: صدوق له أوهام ومدلس، وبقية بن الوليد: صدوق، كثير التدليس عن الضعفاء، موسى بن هارون الحمال: ثقة، وإسحاق بن راهويه: ثقة حافظ، والحسين بن إسحاق: ثقة، وعلي ابن بحر: ثقة فاضل، سويد بن عبد العزيز: ضعيف، وعلي بن أحمد: حافظ، وأحمد بن عبيد: ثقة، وأحمد ابن عمرو البزار: صدوق، ومحمد بن عقبة السدوسي: صدوق يخطئ، ويل: ضعيف، ويحيى بن حمزة: ثقة رمي بالقدر. ينظر: (الطبقات الكبرى 7 /469)، (تهذيب الكمال 2 /373-381 و4 /192 و26 /136 و31 /259)، و(تهذيب التهذيب 8 /78 و11 /171) وثقات العجلي (1 /221 و2 /382) والكاشف (1 /241) و(تذكرة الحفاظ 2 /470)، والثقات (5 /179)، والجرح والتعديل (2 /468 و8 /36)، ولكاشف (2 /88)، ولسان الميزان (1 /105 و237 و6 /84) وتقريب التهذيب (1 /82 و104 و105 و126 و135 و260 و398 و426 و496 و554 و568 و573 و584 و589)، و(الكشف الحثيث 1 /97 و1 /261).</div><div>[41] ضُعف بسبب تشيعه وقوله في علي كلاماً لا يصح، وثقه العجلي، وقال أبو حاتم: هو صالح الحديث، قال ابن حجر: ذكره البرقي فيمن ضعف بسبب التشيع وهو ثقة، وذكره يعقوب بن سفيان في جملة الثقات، وصحح الترمذي حديثه، وقال ابن عدي: فيما يرويه مناكير وبعضها مشاهير الا أنه في جملة الضعفاء، ومن جملة الشيعة، وكان الناس يذمونه من الوجهين؛ من قوله في علي، ومن ضعفه في رواياته. ينظر: (الكامل 5 /113)، الجرح والتعديل (6 /223) (تهذيب التهذيب 8 /10).</div><div>[42] مسند أحمد المذيل بأحكام الشيخ شعيب (3 /308 و324).</div><div>[43] مجمع الزوائد (3 /425، ح5099).</div><div>[44] مجمع الزوائد (3 /425).</div><div>[45] المعجم الأوسط للطبراني (5 /50، ح4642).</div><div>[46] الكامل (7 /193)، ولسان الميزان (6 /258)، ومجمع الزوائد (3 /425)</div><div>[47] المعجم الأوسط للطبراني (8 /275، ح8622).</div><div>[48] تقريب التهذيب (1 /531).</div><div>[49] نظم المتناثر من الحديث المتواتر (1 /146).</div><div>[50] مقدمة صحيح مسلم (1 /4)</div><div>[51] تدريب الراوي (1 /116).</div><div>[52] قال: "حديث حسن صحيح". ينظر: جامع الترمذي (3 /132)</div><div>[53] وعقد باباً للدفاع عن هذا الحديث. ينظر: صحيح ابن حبان (8397-/398)، وخلاصة البدر المنير (1 /336).</div><div>[54] رداً على سؤاله عن حديث أبي أيوب من طريق يحيى بن سعيد فقال: والصواب حديث أبي أيوب، وساقه من طريق سعد به (العلل للدارقطني، 6 /108).</div><div>[55] قال: ودليل الشافعى وموافقيه هذا الحديث الصحيح الصريح" شرح النووي على صحيح مسلم (8/ 56-57).</div><div>[56] قال: "ورجاله رجال الصحيح" ويقصد حديث أبي أيوب من طريق الطبراني. مجمع الزوائد (3 /424-425).</div><div>[57] قال: "هذا حديث حسن صحيح من حديث سعد بن سعيد الأنصاري المدني" ثم قال: "وقد جاء بإسناد جيد مفسرا من حديث أبي أسماء الرحبي عن ثوبان مولى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ". أحكام القرآن (2 /324).</div><div>[58] حاشية ابن القيم على سنن أبي داود (7/63).</div><div>[59] قال بعد قول الترمذي: حسن صحيح" وهذا هو الحق (تحفة الأحوذي، 3 /388).</div><div>[60] مشكاة المصابيح (1 /463).</div><div>[61] محمد بن مفلح المقدسي (ت762ﻫ)، الفروع، تحقيق: حازم القاضي (3/79).</div><div>[62] مسند أحمد (المذيل بأحكام الشيخ شعيب) (3 /308 و5 /417 و419)، وصحيح ابن حبان (3/398).</div></div>Rendra FR http://www.blogger.com/profile/14445950507355341977noreply@blogger.com0